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34 Cards in this Set

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What does the peripheral nervous system (everything but head/spinal cord) consist of?
Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary actions)
What is the function of spinal nerves? Cranial nerves?
To carry sensorimotor information to and from the body
To carry sensorimotor information to and from the head and neck
What is the Triune Brain Model? Characteristics of each part?
Three "layers" of brain--reptilian, paleomammalian (limbic system), and neomammalian
Reptilian--highly stereotyped, instinctive behaviors (sex, aggression, food)
Paleomammalian--early mammals, experience/expression of emotion, social attachment
Neomammalian--higher mammals, thinking/reasoning, suppression/regulation of instincts & emotions
Which structures are included in the reptilian brain?
-Brain stem: diancephalon, pons, medulla, midbrain
-Cerebellum
-Spinal cord
What are the main structures in the limbic system?
Hypothalamus, amygdala, septum, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus
What are the seven divisions of the brain?
1. Spinal cord 2. Medulla 3. Pons 4. Midbrain 5. Cerebellum 6. Diancephalon 7. Cerebral hemispheres
What is the spinal cord responsible for?
-Incoming sensory affarents from the body
-Outgoing motor efferents to body
What is the medulla responsible for?
-Respiration
-Blood pressure
What is the pons responsible for?
-Ventral: cerebrocerebellar connections
-Dorsal: sleep, respiration, etc.
What is the midbrain responsible for?
-Tectum (vision, hearing)
-Tegmentum--cranial nerve nuclei and DA reward system!!!
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
-Vermis: balance, posture
-Hemispheres: motor coordination, cognition
What is the diencephalon responsible for?
-Thalamus--sensory relay/gate
-Hypothalamus--appetite, sexual behavior, emotions, endocrine function
What are the cerebral hemispheres responsible for?
-Amygdala (emotion processing)
-Basal ganglia (movement)
-Cerebral cortex (perception, thought, reason, movement)
-Hippocampus (memory)
What are the three planes of section?
Horizontal, sagittal (line from head to toe), and coronal (line from left to right shoulder)
What is the difference between gray and white matter?
Neuron cell bodies are concentrated in gray matter (cortex and nuclei), axons are concentrated in white matter
How does the cellular architecture of the cortex vary across space?
Layer IV contains affarent (to brain) cortical inputs, layer V contains efferent (to body) cortical outputs
What are the types of white matter tracts?
1. Projection fibers--connect cerebral cortex to brainstem and gray matter nuclei
2. Commissural fibers--connect gray matter in two cerebral hemispheres
3. Association fibers--connect brain regions within the same cerebral hemisphere
What is the coronal radiata?
Sheet of white matter that carries nearly all neural traffic to and from the cerebral cortex
What is the corpus collosum?
Largest white matter structure--bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right hemispheres
What is the Arcuate Fasciculus?
Neural pathway connecting part of the parietal lobe to frontal cortex--links Broca's and Wernicke's areas (dorsal auditory stream)
What are the main structures in the limbic system and what they are often associated with?
Amygdala--fear
Hypothalamus--aggression
Septum--pleasure
Insula--visceral feedback and feelings
What are the pathways in the DA reward system?
-Mesolimbocortical pathway: Ventral Tegmental Area--> Nucleus Accumbens (found in ventral striatum), cortex, and hippocampus
-Mesostriatal pathway: Substantia Nigra--> Striatum
What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the brain? How does an impaired OFC affect patients (such as Phineas Gage)?
Facilitates cortico-limbic interactions (cognition & emotion)
Inappropriate social behavior (faulty emotion regulation), deficits in decision-making, "myopia" for the future (ex. footbridge dilemma)
What types of neurotransmitters are found in the brain? What are each of the neuromodulatory NT responsible for?
> 60 types:
-Excitatory (i.e. glutamate)
-Inhibitory (i.e. GABA)
Serotonin--prosocial NT
DA--reward
NE--stress response
Have you watched this video?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LT3VKAr4roo&feature=related
What are cortical columns?
The basic unit of information processing found in cerebral cortex
What are some features of the cerebral cortex?
Convoluted sheet of gray matter that covers the cerebrum composed mainly of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites (architecture maps onto fxn)
What are the main zones of neurons?
Input zone (dendrites and cell body), integration zone (axon hillock), conduction zone (axon), output zone (axon terminal)
What is the serotonergic/prosocial pathway?
Mesencephalic serotonergic (5-HT) cells (found in raphe nuclei)--> thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cortex
What is the noradrenergic/stress response pathway?
Locus coeruleus to hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cortex
What are the 3 general anatomical techniques for studying the brain? Specifics?
Post-mortem dissection, histological techniques (using a microscope to examine cellular anatomy), and neuroimaging
Histological--light microscopy, electron microscopy, anterograde/retrograde tracers
Imaging--magnetic resonance imaging--MRI, diffusion tensor imaging--DTI, positron emission tomography--PET
What are the general functional techniques for studying the brain?
Lesion studies, single-cell recordings, c-fos expression, and neuroimaging (PET, fMRI, transcranial magnetic stimulation--TMS)
What are the techniques used for studying the brain that cannot be used on humans?
anterograde/retrograde tracers, experimental lesions, single-cell recordings (usually), c-fos expression
What are the non-invasive techniques for studying the human brain?
MRI, DTI, PET, fMRI, TMS