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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What does the peripheral nervous system (everything but head/spinal cord) consist of?
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Spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary actions)
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What is the function of spinal nerves? Cranial nerves?
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To carry sensorimotor information to and from the body
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To carry sensorimotor information to and from the head and neck
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What is the Triune Brain Model? Characteristics of each part?
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Three "layers" of brain--reptilian, paleomammalian (limbic system), and neomammalian
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Reptilian--highly stereotyped, instinctive behaviors (sex, aggression, food)
Paleomammalian--early mammals, experience/expression of emotion, social attachment Neomammalian--higher mammals, thinking/reasoning, suppression/regulation of instincts & emotions |
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Which structures are included in the reptilian brain?
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-Brain stem: diancephalon, pons, medulla, midbrain
-Cerebellum -Spinal cord |
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What are the main structures in the limbic system?
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Hypothalamus, amygdala, septum, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus
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What are the seven divisions of the brain?
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1. Spinal cord 2. Medulla 3. Pons 4. Midbrain 5. Cerebellum 6. Diancephalon 7. Cerebral hemispheres
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What is the spinal cord responsible for?
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-Incoming sensory affarents from the body
-Outgoing motor efferents to body |
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What is the medulla responsible for?
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-Respiration
-Blood pressure |
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What is the pons responsible for?
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-Ventral: cerebrocerebellar connections
-Dorsal: sleep, respiration, etc. |
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What is the midbrain responsible for?
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-Tectum (vision, hearing)
-Tegmentum--cranial nerve nuclei and DA reward system!!! |
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What is the cerebellum responsible for?
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-Vermis: balance, posture
-Hemispheres: motor coordination, cognition |
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What is the diencephalon responsible for?
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-Thalamus--sensory relay/gate
-Hypothalamus--appetite, sexual behavior, emotions, endocrine function |
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What are the cerebral hemispheres responsible for?
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-Amygdala (emotion processing)
-Basal ganglia (movement) -Cerebral cortex (perception, thought, reason, movement) -Hippocampus (memory) |
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What are the three planes of section?
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Horizontal, sagittal (line from head to toe), and coronal (line from left to right shoulder)
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What is the difference between gray and white matter?
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Neuron cell bodies are concentrated in gray matter (cortex and nuclei), axons are concentrated in white matter
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How does the cellular architecture of the cortex vary across space?
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Layer IV contains affarent (to brain) cortical inputs, layer V contains efferent (to body) cortical outputs
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What are the types of white matter tracts?
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1. Projection fibers--connect cerebral cortex to brainstem and gray matter nuclei
2. Commissural fibers--connect gray matter in two cerebral hemispheres 3. Association fibers--connect brain regions within the same cerebral hemisphere |
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What is the coronal radiata?
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Sheet of white matter that carries nearly all neural traffic to and from the cerebral cortex
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What is the corpus collosum?
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Largest white matter structure--bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right hemispheres
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What is the Arcuate Fasciculus?
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Neural pathway connecting part of the parietal lobe to frontal cortex--links Broca's and Wernicke's areas (dorsal auditory stream)
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What are the main structures in the limbic system and what they are often associated with?
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Amygdala--fear
Hypothalamus--aggression Septum--pleasure Insula--visceral feedback and feelings |
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What are the pathways in the DA reward system?
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-Mesolimbocortical pathway: Ventral Tegmental Area--> Nucleus Accumbens (found in ventral striatum), cortex, and hippocampus
-Mesostriatal pathway: Substantia Nigra--> Striatum |
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What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in the brain? How does an impaired OFC affect patients (such as Phineas Gage)?
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Facilitates cortico-limbic interactions (cognition & emotion)
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Inappropriate social behavior (faulty emotion regulation), deficits in decision-making, "myopia" for the future (ex. footbridge dilemma)
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What types of neurotransmitters are found in the brain? What are each of the neuromodulatory NT responsible for?
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> 60 types:
-Excitatory (i.e. glutamate) -Inhibitory (i.e. GABA) |
Serotonin--prosocial NT
DA--reward NE--stress response |
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Have you watched this video?
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LT3VKAr4roo&feature=related
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What are cortical columns?
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The basic unit of information processing found in cerebral cortex
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What are some features of the cerebral cortex?
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Convoluted sheet of gray matter that covers the cerebrum composed mainly of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites (architecture maps onto fxn)
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What are the main zones of neurons?
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Input zone (dendrites and cell body), integration zone (axon hillock), conduction zone (axon), output zone (axon terminal)
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What is the serotonergic/prosocial pathway?
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Mesencephalic serotonergic (5-HT) cells (found in raphe nuclei)--> thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cortex
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What is the noradrenergic/stress response pathway?
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Locus coeruleus to hippocampus, basal ganglia, and cortex
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What are the 3 general anatomical techniques for studying the brain? Specifics?
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Post-mortem dissection, histological techniques (using a microscope to examine cellular anatomy), and neuroimaging
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Histological--light microscopy, electron microscopy, anterograde/retrograde tracers
Imaging--magnetic resonance imaging--MRI, diffusion tensor imaging--DTI, positron emission tomography--PET |
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What are the general functional techniques for studying the brain?
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Lesion studies, single-cell recordings, c-fos expression, and neuroimaging (PET, fMRI, transcranial magnetic stimulation--TMS)
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What are the techniques used for studying the brain that cannot be used on humans?
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anterograde/retrograde tracers, experimental lesions, single-cell recordings (usually), c-fos expression
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What are the non-invasive techniques for studying the human brain?
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MRI, DTI, PET, fMRI, TMS
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