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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the steps of female development?
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gonads develop to ovaries, mullerian ducts develop (oviducts, uterus, cervix), wolffian ducts regress, external genitalia development (clitoris, labia,vagina)
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What are the steps of male development (deviating from "default plan")?
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@ 6 weeks TDF gene on Y-chr causes gonads to develop into testes, @ 8 weeks testes produce T (which peaks @ 14 wks), wolffian ducts develop (vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland), MIH (mullerian inhibiting hormone) from testes causes regression of mullerian ducts), development of external genitalia (penis, scrotum)
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What is the key difference (hormonal) between male and female development?
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males require prenatal testosterone, whereas in females prenatal ovarian hormones are not involved in the process
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How does the SDN POA (sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus) depend on T throughout males life? proof?
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5 times larger in male vs. female due to organizational effects of T but it also depends on appropriate levels of T in adulthood (activational effects) -- female mice can show male levels of aggression if given T early in life and as adults
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lesioning of SDN POA disrupts copulatory behavior and increases lordosis to stud males, electrical stimulation elicits mounting and thrusting, castrated males show deficits in matin behavior, T therapy reinstates it
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During the mating season, rhesus macaques show...?
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Increased testes size
Increased plasma testosterone concentrations Increased muscle mass Increased rates of aggression |
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What is the nature of the relationship between T and aggression?
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Bidirectional--physiological injections of T exaggerate existing patterns of aggression AND aggression can affect T (winning vs. losing)
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What are examples of how human aggression correlates with response to provocation?
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Skipping in line, hockey players, rejection of unfair Ultimatum Game offers
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What are manic symptoms?
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exuberance/elevated mood, mental and physical hyperactivity, goal-oriented activity, grandiosity, risk-taking behavior
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Examples of how social stimuli can modulate T levels?
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introduction of males into female group increased T levels, introduction into all male group and subsequent social defeat decreased T levels
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How does serotonin affect aggression in rhesus macaques? combined with high T?
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Low CSF 5-HIAA is associated with severe, unprovoked aggression and deficits in impulse control/response to provocation
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highest rates of aggression (T provides competitive drive, serotonin regulates the threshold for aggression)
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Cells that bind testosterone are concentrated in
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-midbrain (PAG)
-hypothalamus -amygdala |
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Electrical stimulation of the midbrain, hypothalamus, or amygdala produce which affective aggressive responses in cats?
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growling, hissing, piloerection, back arch, paw strike
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how are the amygdala and hypothalamus linked and what effect does T have?
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Stria terminalis-- T increases firing frequency (only if its already firing!)
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What effect can damage to the OFC have in men? why?
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more likely than men with damage in other brain regions to have outbursts of rage
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high density of serotonin receptors in OFC
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What are some examples of the effect MAOA mutation can have?
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large Dutch kindred with persistent and extreme reactive aggression in some males (e.g., murder, rape, assault), Male MAOA knockout mice are hyperaggressive
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What are the two factors that make males susceptible to impulsive violence? what is this an example of?
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Men with L allele of MAOA, but only if they were abused as children (also associated with amygdala activation, suggesting deficit in emotion regulation)
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gene x environment interaction
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How does the effect of T compare in male rats, monkeys and humans?
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effects of T on aggression is weaker in humans
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How may T work to impair emotion regulation?
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decreasing amygdala to OFC coupling
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