• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/18

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

18 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
What are the steps of female development?
gonads develop to ovaries, mullerian ducts develop (oviducts, uterus, cervix), wolffian ducts regress, external genitalia development (clitoris, labia,vagina)
What are the steps of male development (deviating from "default plan")?
@ 6 weeks TDF gene on Y-chr causes gonads to develop into testes, @ 8 weeks testes produce T (which peaks @ 14 wks), wolffian ducts develop (vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland), MIH (mullerian inhibiting hormone) from testes causes regression of mullerian ducts), development of external genitalia (penis, scrotum)
What is the key difference (hormonal) between male and female development?
males require prenatal testosterone, whereas in females prenatal ovarian hormones are not involved in the process
How does the SDN POA (sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus) depend on T throughout males life? proof?
5 times larger in male vs. female due to organizational effects of T but it also depends on appropriate levels of T in adulthood (activational effects) -- female mice can show male levels of aggression if given T early in life and as adults
lesioning of SDN POA disrupts copulatory behavior and increases lordosis to stud males, electrical stimulation elicits mounting and thrusting, castrated males show deficits in matin behavior, T therapy reinstates it
During the mating season, rhesus macaques show...?
Increased testes size
Increased plasma testosterone concentrations
Increased muscle mass
Increased rates of aggression
What is the nature of the relationship between T and aggression?
Bidirectional--physiological injections of T exaggerate existing patterns of aggression AND aggression can affect T (winning vs. losing)
What are examples of how human aggression correlates with response to provocation?
Skipping in line, hockey players, rejection of unfair Ultimatum Game offers
What are manic symptoms?
exuberance/elevated mood, mental and physical hyperactivity, goal-oriented activity, grandiosity, risk-taking behavior
Examples of how social stimuli can modulate T levels?
introduction of males into female group increased T levels, introduction into all male group and subsequent social defeat decreased T levels
How does serotonin affect aggression in rhesus macaques? combined with high T?
Low CSF 5-HIAA is associated with severe, unprovoked aggression and deficits in impulse control/response to provocation
highest rates of aggression (T provides competitive drive, serotonin regulates the threshold for aggression)
Cells that bind testosterone are concentrated in
-midbrain (PAG)
-hypothalamus
-amygdala
Electrical stimulation of the midbrain, hypothalamus, or amygdala produce which affective aggressive responses in cats?
growling, hissing, piloerection, back arch, paw strike
how are the amygdala and hypothalamus linked and what effect does T have?
Stria terminalis-- T increases firing frequency (only if its already firing!)
What effect can damage to the OFC have in men? why?
more likely than men with damage in other brain regions to have outbursts of rage
high density of serotonin receptors in OFC
What are some examples of the effect MAOA mutation can have?
large Dutch kindred with persistent and extreme reactive aggression in some males (e.g., murder, rape, assault), Male MAOA knockout mice are hyperaggressive
What are the two factors that make males susceptible to impulsive violence? what is this an example of?
Men with L allele of MAOA, but only if they were abused as children (also associated with amygdala activation, suggesting deficit in emotion regulation)
gene x environment interaction
How does the effect of T compare in male rats, monkeys and humans?
effects of T on aggression is weaker in humans
How may T work to impair emotion regulation?
decreasing amygdala to OFC coupling