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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the motor disturbances in disease? (7) |
Weakness,
spasticity (resistance to passive movement), Rigidity, ataxia (shaky movements, unsteady gait), hypokinesia/akinesia (loss of M. tonicity/responsiveness), hyperkinesia (increase in M. tonicity/responsiveness), apraxia (inability to make skilled movements) |
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What would be the development of a vascular occlusion? |
immediate paralysis
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What would be the development of a tumour (rate of symptoms)? |
slowly progressive symptoms and signs
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What are lower motor neurones?
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alpha motor neurones that project to extra-fusal muscle fibers. |
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What symptoms characterise LMN lesions? |
Weakness and decreased strength of muscle stretch reflex
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List the range of sites that can be effected in LMN?
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muscle spindles, primary afferents, spinal cords, alpha motor neurones, motor-neurone axons, neuromuscular junctions
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Give 6 examples of LMN syndrome indicated by a weak MSR? |
Peripheral neuropathy |
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If LMN disease leads to a M. loosing innervation what will occur?
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atrophy
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What are the 4 characteristic signs of UMN lesions?
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Weakness, hyperactive reflexes, reverse some FRA-driven reflexes, no signs of muscle denervation (paralysed, tone lost, atrophy) |
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Whats the pattern of effect in UMN lesion?
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Groups of M. not individual M. |
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What tract does an UMN lesion invariably involve?
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corticospinal tract. (maybe rubrospinal tract and reticulospinal tract)
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What cells give rise to the large axon neurones of the corticospinal tract?
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The Betz cells
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What are the symptoms of a spinal cord transection?
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Loss of voluntary movements, Anastasia, temporary loss of reflexes followed by hyper-relfexia, cervical transection produces quadriplegia, while below this paraplegia |
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What are the symptoms of a Brainstem lesions?
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UMN deficit on the contralateral side of the body + LMN deficits for cranial nerve nuclei.
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What are the three main causes of stroke?
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thrombosis, embolism, haemorrhage,
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Where do the great majority of strokes occur and what is the predominate type of symtoms?
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Internal capsule, motor symptoms |
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What are the symptoms of basal ganglia disease and damage?
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Hyperkinesia or hypokinesia, no weakness apraxia.
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5 types of hyperkinetic movement?
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Chorea=continuing series of rapid jerky movements that are fragments of purposeful movements
Athetosis=continual uncontrolled writhing Dystonia= extreme contractions forcing unusual movements Ballismus=jumping about Tics=repeated stereotyped fragments of movements |
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On which side of the body do lesions to the basal ganglia produce symptoms? |
Contralateral |
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Give two basal ganglion diseases with hyperkinetic symptoms?
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Ballism and Huntington's
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Give a brief description of Ballism?
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Damage to sub thalamic nuclei - disinhibition of movement via indirect pathway.
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Give a brief description of Huntington's disease?
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Degeneration of caudate/putamen (striatum) causes choreiform movements, Striatal spiny neurones that inhibit the indirect pathway are the most effected initially.
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Give an example of basal ganglion disease with hypokinetic symptoms?
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Parkinson's |
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Briefly describe Parkinson's?
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degeneration of dopamine producing pathways in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Low dopamine input to the the striatum cannot energise movement through the direct and indirect pathway |
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Give a brief list a Parkinson's symptoms?
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Bradykinesia (difficulty of initiating and slowness of executing movements), resting tremor, rigidity (including cog-wheel rigidity) |
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Which side of the body is effected in a cerebellar lesion.
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ipsilateral!
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What is controlled by the flocculo-nodular lobe? |
balance + eye movements |
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What is controlled by the vermis and the pars intermedia?
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they adjust ongoing movement of the whole body. |
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What is controlled by the cerebellar hemispheres?
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coordinate the planning of limb movements - project to PM cortex in partcular |
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Give 8 symptoms of a cerebellar lesion (hint: think about its control) |
Hypotonus (loss of M. tone-reduced spindle discharge) |
