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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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107.1a. Define the following laws of motion: Newtons First Law.
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According to Newton's first law of motion (inertia), an object at rest will remain at rest, or an object in motion will continue in motion at the same speed and in the same direction, until acted upon by an outside force.
For example, once an airplane is moving, another force may act on it to bring it to a stop, otherwise it will continue in its motion. |
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107.1b. Define the following laws of motion: Newtons Second Law.
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The second law of motion (force) states that if an object moving with uniform speed is acted upon by an external force, the change of motion, or acceleration, will be directly proportional to the amount of force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object being moved.
Simply stated, an object being pushed by 10 pounds of force will travel faster than it would if it were pushed by 5 pounds of force. |
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107.1c. Define the following laws of motion: Newtons Third Law.
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The third law of motion (action and reaction) states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This law is demonstrated with a balloon. If you inflate a balloon and release it without securing the neck, as the air is expelled, the balloon will move in the opposite direction of the air rushing out of it |
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107.2a. Describe the following terms pertaining to motion: Force
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Any influence on an object which causes it to move or change construction
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107.2b. Describe the following terms pertaining to motion: Inertia
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The willingness of an object to remain at rest or to continue is motion unless acted upon by an outside force.
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107.2c. Describe the following terms pertaining to motion: Acceleration.
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The rate of change of the speed and/or velocity of matter with time.
For example, if a ship, is moving at 10 knots, is moving at 18 knots one hour from now, and 21 knots 2 hours from now, it is said to be accelerating at a rate of 3 knots per hour. |
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107.2d. Describe the following terms pertaining to motion: Speed
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The rate of movement or motion in a given amount of time. Speed is the term used when only the rate of movement is meant.
For example, if the rate of movement of a ship is 14 knots, we say its speed is 14 knots per hour. |
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107.2e. Describe the following terms pertaining to motion: Velocity
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The quickness or speed of an object in a given time and direction.
For example: 200 mph due north. |
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107.3. Define Bernoulli's principle.
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The principle states that when a fluid flowing through a tube reaches a constriction or narrowing of the tube, the speed of the fluid passing through the constriction is increased and its pressure decreased.
The general lift of an airfoil is dependent upon the airfoil's being able to create circulation in the airstream and develop the lifting pressure over the airfoil surface. As the relative wind strikes the leading edge of the airfoil, the flow of air is split. Part is deflected upward and aft, and the rest is deflected down and aft. Since the upper surface of the wing has camber or a curve on it, the flow over its surface is disrupted, and this causes a wavelike effect to the wing. The lower surface is relatively flat. Lift is accomplished by the difference in the airflow across the airfoil. |
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107.4. Define an Airfoil
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part of an aircraft that produces lift or any other desirable aerodynamic effect as it passes through the air. The wings and the propeller blades of a fixed-wing aircraft and the rotor blades of a helicopter are examples of airfoils. Leading edge The front edge or surface of the
airfoil Trailing edge The rear edge or surface of the airfoil Chord line An imaginary straight line from the leading edge to the trailing edge of an airfoil Camber The curve or departure from a straight line (chord line) from the leading to the trailing edge of the airfoil Relative wind The direction of the airstream in relation to the airfoil Angle of attack The angle between the chord line and the relative wind |
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107.5a. Describe the following aerodynamic terms: Lift
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The force that acts, in an upward direction, to support the aircraft in the air. It sounteracts the effects of weight. Lift must be greater than or equal to weight if flight is to be sustained.
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107.5b. Describe the following aerodynamic terms: Weight
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The force of gravity acting downward on the aircraft and everything on the aircraft.
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107.5c. Describe the following aerodynamic terms: Thrust
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The force developed by the aircraft's engine, and it acts in the forward direction. Thrust must be greater than or equal to the effects of drag in order for flight to begin or be sustained.
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107.5d. Describe the following aerodynamic terms: Drag
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The force that tends to hold an aircraft back. Drag is caused by the disruption of the air about the wings, fuselage or body, and all protruding objects on the aircraft. Drag resists motion.
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107.5e. Describe the following aerodynamic terms: Longitudinal Axis
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An imaginary reference line running down the center of the aircraft between the nose and tail. The axis about which roll occurrs.
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107.5f. Describe the following aerodynamic terms: Lateral Axis
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An imaginary reference line running parallel to the wings and about which pitch occurrs.
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107.5g. Describe the following aerodynamic terms: Vertical Axis
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An imaginary reference line running from the top to the bottom of the aircraft. The movement associated with this axis is yaw.
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107.6. State the three primary movements of aircraft about the axis.
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a. Pitch - The movement of the aircraft about its lateral axis. The up and down motion of the nose of the aircraft.
b. Yaw - The movement of the aircraft about its vertical axis. The drift, or right or left movement of the nose of the aircraft. c. Roll - The movement of the aircraft about its longitudinal axis. The movement of the wing tips; one up and the other down. |
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107.7. State the difference between a fixed-wing airfoil and a helicopter's airfoil
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A fixed-wing aircraft depends on forward motion
for lift. A rotary-wing aircraft depends on rotating airfoils for lift. The airfoil sections of a fixed-wing aircraft aren't symmetrical. The rotor blades of a helicopter are symmetrical. |
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107.8. Explain the term angle of attack
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The angle at which a body, such as an airfoil or fuselage, meets a flow of air. Defined as the angle between the chord line of the wing (an imaginary straight line from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing) and the relative wind. The relative wind is the direction of the airstream in relationship to the wing.
For example, an aircraft in straight and level flight has the relative wind directly in front of it and has zero angle of attack since the relative wind is directly striking the leading edge of the wing. An aircraft flying parallel to the ground which has the nose trimmed significantly up, now has the leading edge of the wing (chord line) pointed at an upward angle; however, the relative wind is striking the bottom of the wing. An analogy is to hold your hand out of the car window with your palm facing the ground (zero angle of attack), and then to rotate your hand slightly in either direction. Angle of attack is measured in "units" as opposed to degrees. |
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107.9a. Identify and state the purpose of the primary flight controls for: Fixed Wing Aircraft.
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The ailerons provide control about the longitudinal axis, the elevators provide control about the lateral axis, and the rudder provides control about the vertical axis.
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107.9b. Identify and state the purpose of the primary flight controls for: Rotary Wing Aircraft.
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The collective stick controls the pitch of the rotor blades which translates to "up and down". The cyclic stick tilts the plane of the rotor blades forward, aft or sideways, giving the helicopter its directional motion. Lateral control is provided using the foot pedals to control the blades on the tail rotor.
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107.10a. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Flap
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Gives the aircraft extra lift. The purpose is to reduce the landing speed, thereby shortening the length of the landing rollout. They also facilitate landing in small or obstructed areas by permitting the gliding angle to be increased without greatly increasing the approach. The use of flaps during takeoff serves to reduce the length of the takeoff run. Some flaps are hinged to the lower trailing edges of the wings inboard of the ailerons. Leading edge flaps are in use on the Navy F-4, Phantom II.
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107.10b. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Spoiler
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Used to decrease wing lift. However, the specific design, function, and use vary with different aircraft. On some aircraft, the spoilers are long narrow surfaces, hinged at their leading edge to the upper surfaces of the wings. In the retracted position, they are flush with the wing skin. In the raised position, they greatly reduce wing lift by destroying the smooth flow of air over the wing surfaces.
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107.10c. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Speed Brakes
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Hinged or moveable control surfaces used for reducing the speed of aircrft. On some aircraft, they are hinged to the sides or bottom of the fuselage; on others they are attached to the wings. They keep the speed from building too high in dives. They are also used to slow the speed of the aircraft prior to landing.
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107.10d. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Slats
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Slats are movable control surfaces attached to the leading edge of the wing. When the slat is retracted, it forms the leading edge of the wing. When open, or extended forward, a slot is created between the slat and the wing leading edge.
High-energy air is introduced into the boundary layer over the top of the wing. At low airspeeds, this improves the lateral control handling characteristics, allowing the aircraft to be controlled at airspeeds below the normal landing speed. This is known as boundary layer control. Boundary layer control is intended primarily for use during operations from carriers; that is, for catapult takeoffs and arrested landings. |
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107.10e. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Horizontal Stabilizer
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Provides stability of the aircraft about its lateral axis. This is longitudinal stability. It serves as the base to which the elevators are attached. On some high-performance aircraft, the entire vertical and/or horizontal stabilizer is a movable airfoil. Without the movable airfoil, the flight control surfaces would lose their effectiveness at extrememly high speeds.
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107.10f. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Vertical Stabilizer
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Maintains the stability of the aircraft about its vertical axis. This is known as directional stability. The vertical stabilizer usually serves as teh base to which the rudder is attached.
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107.10g. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Main rotor
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The rotor head is fully articulating and is rotated by
torque from the engines through the drive train and main gearbox or transmission. The flight controls and hydraulic servos transmit movements to the rotor blades. The principal components of the rotor head are the hub and swashplate assemblies. Provides lift and controls forward and lateral motion in conjunction with the tail rotor. |
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107.10h. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Tail rotor
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Mounted vertically on the outer portion of the helicopter's tail section. The tail rotor counteracts the torque action of the main rotor by producing thrust in the opposite direction. The tail rotor also controls the yawing action of the helicopter.
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107.10i. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Trim tabs
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Trim tabs are small airfoils recessed into
the trailing edges of the primary control surface. Each trim tab hinges to its parent primary control surface, but operates by an independent control. Trim tabs let the pilot trim out an unbalanced condition without exerting pressure on the primary controls. |
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107.10j. State the purpose of the following flight control surfaces: Stabilator
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The main purpose of stabilizers is to keep the
aircraft in straight-and-level flight. The vertical stabilizer maintains the stability of he aircraft about its vertical axis. This is known as directional stability. The vertical stabilizer usually serves as the base to which the rudder is attached. The horizontal stabilizer provides stability of the aircraft about its lateral axis. This is known as longitudinal stability. The horizontal stabilizer usually serves as the base to which the elevators are attached. |
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107.11. Explain the term autorotation
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A method of allowing a helicopter to land safely from altitude without using engine power by making use of the reversed airflow up through the rotor system to reduce the rate of descent.
Accomplished by lowering collective pitch lever to maintain rotor rpm while helicopter is decreasing in altitude, then increasing collective pitch at a predetermined altitude to convert inertial energy into lift to reduce the rate of descent and cushion the landing. |
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107.12. State the components of a basic hydraulic system
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a. A reservoir to hold a supply of hydraulic fluid.
b. A pump to provide a flow of fluid. c. Tubing to transmit the fluid. d. A selector valve to direct the flow of fluid. e. An actuating unit to convert the fluid pressure into useful work. |
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107.13. Describe and explain the purpose of the main components of landing gear.
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a. Shock Strut Assembly - Absorbs the shock that otherwise would be sustained by the airframe.
b. Tires - Allows the aircraft to roll easily and provides traction during takeoff and landing. c. Wheel brake asembly - Used to slow and stop the aircraft. Also used to prevent the aircraft from rolling while parked. d. Retracting and extending mechanism - All the necessary hardware to electrically or hydraulically extend and retract the landing gear. e. Side struts and supports - Provides lateral strength/support for the landing gear. |
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107.14. State the safety precautions used when servicing aircraft tires on aircraft.
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Modern aircraft wheels and tires are among the most highly stressed parts of the aircraft.
High tire pressure, cyclic loads, corrosion and physical damage contribute to failure of aircraft wheels. The wheel fragments can be propelled several hundred feet. Always approach the tires from fore and aft. When inflating, stand off to the side. Deflate when removing from the aircraft. |
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107.15a. Describe the following engine systems: Turbojet.
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Projects a column of air to the rear at an extremely high velocity. The resulting effect is to propel the aircraft in the opposite or forward direction.
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107.15b. Describe the following engine systems: Turboshaft
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Delivers power through a shaft to drive something other than a propeller. The power take off may be coupled directly to the engine, but in most cases it is driven by it's own free turbine located in the exhaust stream that operates independently on the engine. They have a high power-to-weight ratio and are currently used in helicopters.
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107.15c. Describe the following engine systems: Turboprop
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Propulsion is accomplished by the conversion of the majority of the gas-energy into mechanical power to drive a propeller. This is done by the addition of more turgine stages. Only a small amount of jet thrust is obtained on a turbo prop engine.
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107.15d. Describe the following engine systems: Turbofan
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Basically the same as a turbo prop except that the propeller is replaced by a duct-enclosed axial-flow fan. The fan can be part of the first stage compressor or mounted as a separate set of fan blades driven by an independent turbine depending on the fan design, it will produce somewhere around 50 percent of the engine's total thrust.
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107.16a. State the NATO symbols for the following fuels and briefly explain the characteristics and reasons for the use of each: JP4-NATO Code F-40.
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Has a flamespread rate of 700-800 feet per minute and a low flashpoint of -10 degrees F or -23 degrees C. Never used on ships. Use of JP4 will normally cause an engine to operate with a lower exhaust gas temperature (EGT), slower acceleration, and lower engine RPM.
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107.16b. State the NATO symbols for the following fuels and briefly explain the characteristics and reasons for the use of each: JP5-NATO Code F-44.
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Has a flamespread rate of 100 feet per minute, and a flashpoint of 140 degrees F or 60 degrees C. JP-5 is the only approved fuel for use aboard naval vessels. The lowest flashpoint considered safe for use aboard naval vessels is 140 degrees F. This is the Navy's primary jet fuel.
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107.16c. State the NATO symbols for the following fuels and briefly explain the characteristics and reasons for the use of each: JP8-NATO Code F-34.
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Has a flamespread rate of 100 feet per minute, and a flashpoint of 100 degrees F or 40 degrees C.
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107.17. Describe the 3 hazards associated with jet fuel.
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Explosion from fuel fumes, vapor inhalation, and toxic contact with skin, eyes, or swallowing can cause illness or death.
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107.18. Discuss safety precautions and procedures associated with aircraft fueling
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When aircraft are serviced, all refueling
vehicles should be parked forward of the aircraft and parallel to the wing. The refueling vehicle should be parked at a point as distant from the aircraft as the length of hose permits, and preferably to the windward (upwind) side of the aircraft. Smoking or having an open flame around or near aircraft and fueling equipment is strictly prohibited. |
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107.19. Explain HERO Conditions
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When ordnance or their warheads are loaded,unloaded, or transferred, shipboard HERO conditionsmay sometimes prohibit the transmission of RF frequency energy below 30 MHz. To maintaincommunication when HERO conditions are in effect,you will be required to use other frequencies orcommunication methods. RF energy may set of a weapon through a wire or in a crack or hole in the weapon.
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107.20. Explain the purpose of the APU
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These power units furnish electrical power when engine-driven generators are not operating or when external power is not available. Most units use a gas turbine to drive the generator. The gas turbine provides compressed air for air conditioning and pneumatic engine starting. This makes the aircraft independent of the need for ground power units to carry out its mission.
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107.21. Discuss icing and its effects on the performance of naval aircraft
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Ice on the airframe decreases lift and increases drag, weight, and stalling speed. The accumultion of ice in exterior movable surfaces affects the control of the aircraft. If ice begins to form on the blades of a propeller, the propeller's efficiency is decreased or further power is demanded of the engine to maintain flight. Most aircraft have sufficient resere power to fly with a heavy load of ice, but airframe icing is a serious problem because it results in increased fuel consumption and decreased range. The possibility always exists that engine system icing may result in loss of power. Icing can cause: loss of engine power, aerodynamic efficiency, loss of proper operation of control surfaces, brakes and landing gear, loss of outside vision, false instrument indications, and loss of radio.
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107.22a. Discuss the following weather warnings and their effect on naval aviation: Wind Warning
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Destructive weather poses a significant threat to personnel, aircraft, ships, installations, and other resources. Adequate and timely weather warnings, coupled with prompt and effective action by commanders concerned, will minimize loss and damage from destructive weather.
1. Small craft Harbor and inland waters warning for winds, 33 knots or less, of concern to small craft. The lower threshold for issuing such warnings is set by local authority. 2. Gale Warning for harbor, inland waters, and ocean areas for winds of 34 to 47 knots. 3. Storm Warning for harbor, inland waters, and ocean areas for winds of 48 knots or greater. |
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107.22b. Discuss the following weather warnings and their effect on naval aviation: Tropical Cyclone Warning.
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Tropical cyclones are systems of cylonically rotating winds characterized by a rapid decrease in pressure and increase in winds toward the center of the storm. Their size may vary from 60 nautical miles to over 1000 nautical miles. Three stages of intensity are associated with tropical cyclones:
1. Tropical depression Warning for land, harbor, inland waters, and ocean areas for winds of 33 knots or less. 2. Tropical storm Warning for land, harbor, inland waters, and ocean areas for winds of 34 to 63 knots. 3. Hurricane/typhoon Warning for land, harbor, inland waters, and ocean areas for winds of 64 knots or greater. |
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107.22c. Discuss the following weather warnings and their effect on naval aviation: Thunderstorm / Tornado Warnings.
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Thunderstorms are small scale storms, invariably produced by a cumulonimbus cloud and always accompanied by lightening and thunder. A tornado is a violently rotating column of air, usually in the form of a funnel, extending from a thunderstorm cloud to the ground.
A tornado is one of the most violent and destructive storms known. Its winds can reach from 100 to 250 knots, although their winds have never been measured directly. 1. Thunderstorm warning Thunderstorms are within 3 miles of the airfield, or in the immediate area. 2. Severe thunderstorm warning Thunderstorms with wind gusts to 50 knots or greater and/or hail of 3/4 inch in diameter or greater is forecast to impact the warning area. 3. Tornado warning Tornadoes have been sited or detected by RADAR in or adjacent to the warning area, or have a strong potential to develop in the warning area. |
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107.23a. State the purpose of the following: Pilot-static.
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The pitot-static system in an aircraft includes some of the instruments that operate on the principle of the barometer. It consists of a pitot-static tube and 3 indicators, all connected with tubing that carries air. The three indicators are the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and the rate-of-climb indicator. Each operates on air taken from outside the aircraft during flight.
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107.23 B State the purpose of the following: Airspeed Indicator.
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The airspeed indicator displays the speed of the aircraft in relation to the air in which it is flying. In some instances, the speed of the aircraft is shown in Mach numbers. The Mach number gives the speed compared to the speed of sound in the surrounding medium (local speed). For example, if an aircraft is flying at a speed equal to one-half the local speed of sound, it is flying at Mach 0.5. If it moves at twice the speed of sound, its speed is Mach 2.
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107.23 C State the purpose of the following: Altimeters.
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The altimeter shows the height of the aircraft above sea level. The face of the instrument is calibrated so the counter or pointer displays the correct altitude of the aircraft.
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107.23 D State the purpose of the following: Rate-of-Climb.
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The rate-of-climb indicator shows the rate at which an aircraft is climbing or descending.
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107.23 E State the purpose of the following: Attitude Indicator.
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A pilot determines aircraft attitude by referring to the horizon. Often, the horizon is not visible. When it is dark, overcast, smokey, or dusty, the earth's horizon may not be visible. When one or more of these conditions exists, the pilot refers to the attitude indicator. It is also called the vertical gyro indicator or VGI. The instrument shows the pilot the relative position of the aircraft compared to the earth's horizon.
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107.23 F State the purpose of the following: Turn and Bank Indicator.
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Shows the correct execution of a turn and bank. It also shows the lateral attitude of the aircraft in straight flight. It consists of a turn indicator and a bank indicator. The turn indicator is a gyro mounted in a frame that is pivoted to turn on a longitudinal axis. The direction of the turn is shown on the dial by a pointer. The gyro consists of a glass ball that moves in a curved glass tube filled with a liquid. When the pilot is executing a properly banked turn, the ball stays in the center position. If the ball moves from the center, it shows the aircraft is slipping to the inside or outside of the turn.
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107.23 G State the purpose of the following: Navigation System.
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Navigation systems and instruments direct, plot, and control the course or position of the aircraft. These may include the radios, transmitters, TACAN, LORAN, etc.
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107.23 H State the purpose of the following: Identification Friend or Foe (IFF).
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IFF is an electronic system that allows a friendly craft to identify itself automatically before approaching near enough to threaten the security of other naval units. A transponder in the friendly aircraft receives a radio-wave challenge. The transponder transmits a response to a proper challenge. All operational aircraft and ships of the armed forces carry transponders to give their identity when challenged.
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107.23 I State the purpose of the following: Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR).
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A radio device used to detect objects at distances much greater than is visually possible. Detectable objects include aircraft, ships, land, clouds, and storms. Radar also shows their range and relative position. Radar works on a echo principle. Sound waves travel out and by knowing the speeds and the time it takes for them to return as an echo, the distance can be measures.
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107.23 J State the purpose of the following: Magnetic (standby) compass.
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A direct-reading magnetic compass is mounted on the instrument panel. The face of the compass is read like the dial of a gauge.
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107.23 K State the purpose of the following: Communication Systems.
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Radio equipment does not require interconnecting wires between the sending and receiving stations. It is the only practical means of communication with moving vehicles, such as ships or aircraft. Modern aircraft use navigation aids such as simple radio direction finders to complex navigational systems.
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107.24 A State the purpose of the following armament: Bombs.
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Any weapon other than a torpedo, mine, rocket or missile, dropped from an aircraft. Bombs are free-falling explosive weapons and may be unguided or "smart" or guided.
Designed for release over enemy targets to reduce and neutralize the enemy's war potential by destructive explosion, fire, nuclear reaction, etc. |
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107.24 B State the purpose of the following armament: Rockets.
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A weapon contraining an explosive section and a propulsion section. A rocket is unable to change its direction of movement once fired. It can be launched from an aircraft without the need of heavy or complex gun platforms and without violent recoil. Since rockets are usually launched at close range, it's accuracy as a propelled projectile is higher than that of a free-falling bomb dropped, from high altitude.
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107.24 C State the purpose of the following armament: Missiles.
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A vehicle containing an explosive section, propulsion section, and guidance section. A missile is able to change direction or movement after being fired. Missiles are classified according to their range, speed, launch environment, mission and vehicle type.
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107.24 D State the purpose of the following armament: Mines.
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An underwater explosive put into position by surface ships, submarines, or aircraft. A mine explodes only when a target comes near or in contact with it. Their primary objective is to effectively defend or control vital straits, port approaches, convoy anchorages and seaward coastal barriers.
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107.24 E State the purpose of the following armament: Torpedoes.
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Self-propelled underwater missiles used against surface and underwater targets. Torpedoes are the primary weapon employed in antisubmarine warfare. They are designed to search, detect, attack and destroy submarines and surface ships.
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107.24f. State the purpose of the following armament: Chaff/Flares
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Showers metal pieces to confuse missile radar.
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107.24g. State the purpose of the following armament: Crew served weapons
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Attracts IR heat seeking missiles away from the engines of the aircraft
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107.25a. Explain the purpose of the following: Circuit Breaker
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A protective device that opens a circuit when the current exceeds a predetermined value. Circuit breakers can be reset.
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107.25b. Explain the purpose of the following: Fuse
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A protective device inserted in-line with a circuit. It contains a metal that will melt or break when current is increased beyond a specified value, thus disconnecting the circuit from its power source to prevent damage.
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107.22h. Discuss the following weather warnings and their effect on naval aviation: Wind Shear
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Variation in wind speed and/or direction over a short distance. Shear usually refers to vertical wind shear, i.e., the change in wind with height, but the term also is used in Doppler radar to describe changes in radial velocity over short horizontal distances.
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107.22i. Discuss the following weather warnings and their effect on naval aviation: Micro burst
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A strong localized downdraft from a thunderstorm with peak gusts lasting 2 to 5 minutes.
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107.22j. Discuss the following weather warnings and their effect on naval aviation: Sigmet
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The acronym for Significant Meteorological information. A weather advisory issued concerning weather significant to the safety of all aircraft.
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