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19 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Population:
• Group of organism
• Same species
• Same geographic area
• Interact directly with one another (or with dispersing progeny of same population)
• Similar, similar environmental limitations
Population Ecology
+ Interaction of organisms with their environment
+ By measuring properties of populations rather than behavior of individuals
Population properties
» Population size
» Population density
» Spatial dispersion of individuals
» Demographics
» Population growth rate
» Limits on population growth
Natural Selection
∞ Is visible on populations
∞ There is a variation in traits
∞ There is differential survival
∞ Variations are heritable
o Which leads to more advantageous traits becoming more common
Population size
* Generally geographic range
* The number of individuals living within a confined area
Population Density
⎯ Member of individuals per unit area
⎯ Different species exist @ different densities within the same area
o Depends on the environment
Spatial dispersion of density
Clumped Spaced Random
Diffusion
Movements of molecules from high to low concentrations
Osmosis
Diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane
Mass or Bulk Flow
Movement of fluid due to pressure or gravity differences (transpiration).
Long distance movement of water
⊕ Plants mostly obtain water + minerals from soil
⊕ Water moves the xylem by bulk flow
⊕ Movement of water depends on transpiration pull, cohesion and adhesion of water molecules, capillary forces and strong cell walls.
Stomata
→ Regulate CO2 and O2 exchange H20
Ascent of Xylem sap
Transpiration pull: flow from greater to lower water concentration
→ Relies on cohesion and adhesion of water, cavitation breaths chains of water molecules.
Mineral uptake key points
∴ Mineral movement too root by diffusion or bulk or root growth
∴ Uptake controlled at root endoderm’s
∴ Uptake by either simple diffusion (no protein), facilitated diffusion (protein channel), or active uptake (requires energy and a protein carrier)
∴ Organisms concentrate minerals and most other nutrients.
What do plants need
 Water
 Light
 CO2, and 02
 Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus =macronutrients
 Calcium, magnesium, silicon =secondary nutrients
 Iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper =micronutrients
Movements of sugar
∼ Sugars (etc.) move from the source
o Photosynthetic leaves
• Lights +H20 +CO2 → sugars +O2
o Storage organ
∼ To the sink
o Growing organs
o Developing storage tissue
∼ Through mass flow in phloem.
∼ Veins= transport plumbing
Phloem transport
→ Pressure flow
1. High sugar concentration at “source”
2. Sugar diluted with water from xylem creating pressure for flow
3. Sugar unloaded at “sink” where it is metabolized or converted to starch
4. Excess water flows to xylem back to “source”
Xylem:
: Transport water and minerals, PASSIVE cells dead when working
Phloem
transports sugars and minerals via active transport (either direction). Cells are alive when they are working.