Natural Disasters 3

Front 1

Where is the zone of brittle deformation?

Back 1

0-15km

Front 2

Where is the zone of plastic deformation?

Back 2

15-30km

Front 3

Folds are examples of what type of deformation?

Back 3

Plastic

Front 4

Folds are examples of what type of faults?*

Back 4

Brittle

Front 5

Elastic

Back 5

Temporary and reversibl (like a balloon)

Front 6

Plastic

Back 6

folding and flowing of rocks

Front 7

Brittle

Back 7

fracturing of the rock; cold temperatures(earthquakes)

Front 8

Which types are permanent and non-reversible?

Back 8

Plastic & Brittle

Front 9

Which type is temporary and reversible?

Back 9

Elastic

Front 10

Deformation

Back 10

the change a rock body undergoes in either volume or shape

Front 11

Folds are examples of what type of deformation?

Back 11

Plastic

Front 12

Folds are examples of what type of faults?*

Back 12

Brittle

Front 13

Define Stress?

Back 13

The froce that causes deformation

Front 14

Dip-slip faults are characterized by what type of movement?

Back 14

Vertical

Front 15

Strike-Slip Faults are characterized by what type of movement?

Back 15

Horizontal

Front 16

(Dip Slip Fault) Normal

Back 16

hanging wall moves down; stress-tension (divergent plate at mid-oceanic ridge)

Front 17

(Dip Slip Fault) Reverse

Back 17

hanging wall moves up; stress-compression (convergent plate)

Front 18

(Dip Slip Fault) Thrust

Back 18

low angle reverse fault; stress-compression(convergent plate)

Front 19

What are the two types of strike-slip faults?

Back 19

-Right Lateral

-Left Lateral

Front 20

Hanging Wall

Back 20

Region above the fault

Front 21

Footwall

Back 21

Area below the fault

Front 22

The hanging/foot wall are used to determine the relative movement of which group of faults?***

Back 22

dip-slip

Front 23

What type of fault is produced when the hanging wall moves up in relation to the footwall?

Back 23

Reverse

Front 24

What type of fault is produced when the hanging wall moves down in relation to the footwall?

Back 24

Normal

Front 25

(Three Types of Stress)
1) Tension
2) Compression
3) Shear

Back 25

2 forces away from one another (divergent plate boundaries)

2 forces toward each other (convergent plate boundaries)

2 forces going toward one another but offset (transform boundaries)

Front 26

Which type of stress shortens rock bodies?

Back 26

Compression

Front 27

Which type of stress will stretch and lengthen rock bodies?

Back 27

Tension

Front 28

If a rock deforms in a brittle fashion, what features will be produced under...compression?

Back 28

Reverse Fault(dip-slip)

Front 29

If a rock deforms in a brittle fashion, what features will be produced under...tension?

Back 29

Normal Fault (dip-slip)

Front 30

Define Stress?

Back 30

The force that causes deformation

Front 31

Know how to differentiate between the right-lateral and left-lateral faults

Back 31

?

Front 32

If a rock deforms in a brittle fashion, what features will be produced under...shear?

Back 32

strike-slip fault

Front 33

If a rock deforms in a plastic fashion, what features will be produced under compression?

Back 33

permanent fold

Front 34

What types of faults would you expect at divergent plate margins? Why?

Back 34

Normal, Tensional Stress

Front 35

What types of faults would you expect at a convergent plate margin? Why?

Back 35

Reverse, Compressional Stress

Front 36

What types of faults would you expect at a transform plate margin? Why?

Back 36

Right Lateral, Shear Stress

Front 37

What type of playte boundary is located at the San Andreas Fault?

Back 37

Tectonic between pacific and north american plate

Front 38

Is the San Andreas a dip-slip or strike-slip fault?

Back 38

Strike-Slip Fault

Front 39

Is the San Andreas a right-lateral or left-lateral?

Back 39

Right-Lateral

Front 40

A bend or step in strike-slip faults can result in local areas of compression or tension. Why is this important when considering future earthquakes in the Los Angeles basin?

Back 40

There are many fault lines under the LA basin that until recently were unknown

Front 41

Was (Bend or Step) it an important consideration in the Northridge earthquake?***

Back 41

These faults show no evidence of their existence because their fault planes don't reach the surface

Front 42

Strike-slip faults are characterized by what type of movement?

Back 42

Horizontal

Front 43

What are the three types of dip-slip faults?

Back 43

1) Normal: hanging wall moves down; stress-tension (divergent plate at mid-oceanic ridge)

2) Reverse: Hanging wall moves up; stress-compression (convergent plate)

3) Thrust: low angle reverse fault; stress- compression (convergent plate)

3) Thrust

Front 44

What are the two types of strike-slip faults?

Back 44

1) Right Lateral

2) Left Lateral

Front 45

Know how to differentiate between the hanging wall and the footwall?

Back 45

Hanging wall: region above the fault

Footwall: area below the fault

Front 46

Hanging wall/Footwall are used to determine the relative movement of which group of faults?

Back 46

dip-slip

Front 47

What type of fault is produced when the hanging wall moves up in relation to the footwall?

Back 47

Reverse

Front 48

What type of fault is produced when the hanging wall moves down in relation to the footwall?

Back 48

Normal

Front 49

The three types of stress?

Back 49

1) Tension: 2 forces away from one another(divergent plate boundaries)

2) Compression: 2 forces toward each other (convergent plate boundaries)

3) Shear: 2 forces going toward one another but offset (transform boundaries)

Front 50

Which type of stress will shorten rock bodies?

Back 50

Compression

Front 51

Which type of stress will stretch and lengthen rock bodies?

Back 51

Tension

Front 52

What types of faults would you expect at divergent plate margins? Why?

Back 52

Normal, Tension stress

Front 53

What types of faults would you expect at convergent plate margins? Why?

Back 53

Reverse, Compressional stress

Front 54

What types of faults would you expect at transform plate margins? Why?

Back 54

Right lateral, Shear stress

Front 55

What type of plate boundary is located at the San Andreas Fault?

Back 55

tectonic between pacific and north American plate

Front 56

Is the San Andreas a dip-slip or strike-slip fault?

Back 56

Strike-Slip Fault

Front 57

Is San Andreas a right-lateral or a left-lateral fault?

Back 57

Right lateral

Front 58

A bend (or step) in strike-slip faults can result in local areas of compression or tension. Why is this important when considering future earthquakes in the Los Angeles basin?

Back 58

There are many fault lines under the LA basin that until recently were unknown

Front 59

Were bend or strike-slip faults an important consideration in the Northridge earthquake?

Back 59

these faults show no evidence of their existence because their fault planes don't reach the surface

Front 60

The majority of the world's earthquakes occur around the rim of what ocean?

Back 60

circum pacific region

Front 61

The world's deepest earthquakes are associated with what type of plate boundary?

Back 61

convergent plate boundaries

Front 62

The zone of earthquake activity associated with convergent plate boundaries?

Back 62

Benioff Zone

Front 63

Know the concept of elastic rebound

Back 63

Plates on opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force and shift, they accumulate energy and slowly deform until their internal strength is exceeded then the rock snaps back to their original undeformed shape (S)

Front 64

Know the difference between the hypocenter (focus) and the epicenter

Back 64

Hypocenter: the source of the earthquake

Epicenter: area on surface, above hypocenter

Front 65

What is fault creep?

Back 65

Constant, slow movement on plate boundary; area that has not experienced an earthquake

Front 66

Are devastating earthquakes associated with fault creep or with periodic fault movement?

Back 66

Periodic fault movement

Front 67

What is an asperite?

Back 67

Stable rough spot on fault that requires a large amount of stress for release

Front 68

Are asperites associated with fault creep or with periodic movement?

Back 68

Periodic Movement

Front 69

What segment of the San Andreas Fault has a recurrence interval of about 22 years?

Back 69

Parkfield

Front 70

What is the difference between surface waves and body waves?

Back 70

Body waves travel through earth's interior

Front 71

Which of these are known as L-waves?

Back 71

Surface waves

Front 72

What are the two types of surface waves?

Back 72

1) Rayleigh waves (up and down)

2) Love waves (side to side)

Front 73

What are the two types of body waves?

Back 73

1) Primary waves (compression) change in volume; cannot travel through liquid

2)Secondary waves (elastic) change in shape

Front 74

Of P-waves, L-waves, and S-waves, which is the fastest (first to arrive at the seismograph station)?

Back 74

P-wave

Front 75

Of P-waves, L-waves, and S-waves, which is the slowest (last to arrive at the seismograph station)?

Back 75

L-wave

Front 76

Which wave causes the greatest amount of ground shaking(registers the highest amplitudes on seismograms)?

Back 76

L-wave

Front 77

What is the p-s interval?

Back 77

based on the speed of two waves traveling through the same material
*the greater the p-s interval, the greater the size of separation

Front 78

Does p-s interval get larger or smaller with increasing distance from the epicenter?

Back 78

Larger

Front 79

How many seismograph stations are needed to determine the location of an epicenter?

Back 79

minimum of three

Front 80

What is this epicenter location process called?

Back 80

triangulation

Front 81

Know the difference between earthquake intensity and magnitude.

Back 81

1) Intensity: the affect of an earthquake at any given location

2) Magnitude: the strength of the earthquake

Front 82

What scale measures intensity?

Back 82

modified merculli intensity scale

Front 83

What scale measures magnitude?

Back 83

Richter scale found using a seismograph; must know the p-s interval and amplitude of the S-wave

Front 84

An increase of one magnitude on the Richter scale will result in a _____ increase in the amount of ground shaking, but a _____ increase in the amount of energy released.

Back 84

Ten-fold, Thirty-fold

Front 85

What is base shear?

Back 85

Produced by horizontal movement of L-waves associated with collapse of buildings with soft first story (parking garage)

Front 86

Resonance:

Back 86

natural motion of the building is in sync with the motion of the seismic wave

Front 87

Liquefaction:

Back 87

loose ground material that becomes more compacted during severe earthquake vibration; water is then forced out, thus rising upward to liquefy the upper surface and results in the sinking of buildings, lateral flow of the ground, and development of sand blows

Front 88

What type of seismic waves are largely responsible for base shear and resonance (p-waves, s-waves, or L-waves)?

Back 88

L-waves

Front 89

What is dilation?

Back 89

the expansion of a rock in four stages:
a. Micro-cracks
b. Expansion
c. Influx of water
d. Earthquake

Front 90

How can dilation be monitored?

Back 90

a. Ground tilt
b. Electrical conductivity of the rocks
c. Radon level in ground water

Front 91

How are tsunami's generated?

Back 91

By movements of the ocean floor

Front 92

What relation, if any, do tsunmais have with tidal forces?

Back 92

Nothing

Front 93

Are tsunamis more common in the Atlantic Ocean or in the Pacific Ocean? Why?

Back 93

Pacific due to earthquake activity

Front 94

What is talus?

Back 94

A deposit of loose rock at the base of an unstable cliff

Front 95

In what way does water enhance mass wasting?

Back 95

a) Adding weight to the land mass

b) Lubricating the slip surface

c) Destroying the cohesion between grains

Front 96

What is the angle of repose and in what way is it a controlling factor in landslides?

Back 96

The steepest angel at which material remains stable

Front 97

Choosing between earthflows and mudflows, which is more common in semi-arid environments?

Back 97

Mudflow

Front 98

Which is more common in moist environments?

Back 98

Earthflow