Nats 1675 Midterm 3

Front 1

In the context of saliva, serous refers to ___ liquid and mucous refers to ___ liquid

Back 1

watery, thick

Front 2

In a day we produce ___ of saliva

Back 2

1L

Front 3

What are the 6 functions of saliva?

Back 3

Taste, Digestion, Cleansing Action, Lubrication, Swallowing, Protection

Front 4

Pharynx

Back 4

connects the mouth and nasal passage way

Front 5

What structure allows us taste?

Back 5

Papilae on the top of tongue are stimulated only when in solution; To taste substances, they must be in solution

Front 6

____ digestion starts in the mouth

Back 6

Sugar/ Carbohydrate

Front 7

___ ____ is capable of breaking down double sugars, complex sugars and starches into simple sugars

Back 7

Salivary amylase

Front 8

3 types of sugars that are absorbed in the small intestine

Back 8

Simple sugars, Double sugars i.e. sucrose (table sugar = glucose + fructose bonded together), Complex sugar or starch (many simple sugars bonded together)

Front 9

____ is a type of mucous in saliva that lubricates food making it easier to swallow; as well as it helps form the bolus.

Back 9

Mucin

Front 10

Describe the Case Study GI Tract Dilemma

Back 10

Nicole, (32, 5'6, 10-20lbs over ideal weight) went to gastroenterologist to complain about heart burn, belching, stomach paid, nausea and weight loss.

Front 11

Describe Nicole's lifestyle

Back 11

She smoked 1/2 pack of cigarettes a day, drank 2-4 alcoholic drinks per week, followed a moderately healthy diet, and exercised occasionally

Front 12

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

Back 12

camera is placed down the throat and into the stomach to take pictures of the area from the esophagus to the duodenum (where stomach and small intestine meet)

Front 13

Barium swallow (upper gastrointestinal series)

Back 13

patient swallow barium (liquid chemical) which lines the digestive tract with a chalky coating. Barium is illuminated on X-rays

Front 14

Purpose of digestion

Back 14

hydrolyze (break down using water) macromolecules that can't cross the plasma membrane into subunit molecules (amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acid and glycerol)

Front 15

What is the difference between ingestion and digestion?

Back 15

Ingestion occurs when the mouth takes in food, digestion involves the breakdown of larger pieces of food into smaller pieces that can be acted on by digestive enzymes

Front 16

Accessory Organs

Back 16

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Front 17

Digestive Tract Organs

Back 17

Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus

Front 18

Salivary Glands

Back 18

secrete saliva which contains digestive enzyme for carbohydrates

Front 19

Liver

Back 19

largest organ inside the body, processes and store nutrients, produces bile for emulsification of fats

Front 20

Gallbladder

Back 20

stores bile from liver, sends it to the small intestine.

Front 21

Some properties of saliva include... (2pts)

Back 21

Substances in saliva act as a buffer which neutralize both acids and bases, Saliva has a bactericidal effect on many organism

Front 22

The wave-like movement that propels food and digestive juices along the digestive tract is called ___, it is caused by the contraction of ___

Back 22

Peristalsis, smooth & circular muscles

Front 23

The sphincters (circular muscles) found along the digestive tract controlthe ___ and ____

Back 23

direction, rate of movement of products through the tract

Front 24

The esophagus is ___ in length, food takes ___s to travel across it, and it has no ____

Back 24

25cm in length, 10s, No digestive function

Front 25

What structure allows food boluses to pass through it?

Back 25

Food boluses pass through the gastroesophageal sphincter at the end of the esophagus

Front 26

What is the role of the gastroesophageal sphincter?

Back 26

Prevent regurgitation of stomach contents back into the esophagus.

Front 27

Persistent heartburn is an indication of ___ ___. Frequentacid reflux can lead to ____ ___which may cause___ ___

Back 27

Acid reflux, Barretts syndrome, Esophageal cancer

Front 28

Which organ is J-shaped with a thick wall?

Back 28

the stomach

Front 29

What are the functions of the stomach?

Back 29

storage, mixing, digestion and emptying.

Front 30

List the four regions of the stomach?

Back 30

cardiac region, fundus (above the cardiac region), body and pylorus.

Front 31

Thestomach is lined with ___ made up of deep folds called ___ and millions of ___.

Back 31

mucosa, rugae, gastric pits

Front 32

With a storage capacity of ___L, the stomach empties in__ hours after eating

Back 32

1L, 2-6 hours

Front 33

Where do contractions become stronger in the stomach?

Back 33

At the bottom of the stomach, as food gets closer to the pyloric region.

Front 34

Protein digestion starts in ___

Back 34

the stomach

Front 35

The mixture of pepsin, HCl, mucus and food that is found at the pyloric spinster before entering the small intestines is called?

Back 35

chyme

Front 36

Stomachacid or hydrochloric (HCl) acid has a pH of __

Back 36

2

Front 37

What are the components of gastric juices?

Back 37

pepsinogen(produced by specialized gastric glands), hydrochloric acid and mucus

Front 38

Which enzyme breaks down protein?

Back 38

Pepsin

Front 39

What is the range of pH required for enzymes to function properly in the stomach?

Back 39

pH 2-5

Front 40

Although absorption is not the primary function of the stomach, which substances can be absorbed?

Back 40

alcohol,aspirin, some lipid soluble drugs

Front 41

Thesmall intestine is __ iin life and ___ after death

Back 41

3 m (10 ft.); 6 m (20 ft.)

Front 42

Describe the 3 structures within the small intestine that aid in absorption.

Back 42

1)plicae circulares—circular or transverse foldsin the mucosa 2) villi—fingerlike projections and 3)microvillior brush border

Front 43

The surface area in the small intestine is increased ___ by plicae circulare, ___ by villi and ___ by microvili

Back 43

3x, 10x, 20x

Front 44

The total absorptive area of the small intestine is ___ equivalent to the size of ___

Back 44

250m^2, tennis court

Front 45

List the 3 regions of the small intestine and identify which one is the longest section.

Back 45

duodenum, jejunumand ileum (longest section).

Front 46

The duodenum receives digestive enzymes from the ___ and bile from the ____.

Back 46

pancreas, liver

Front 47

What are the brunner's glands and what is their purpose?

Back 47

Located predominantly in the proximal duodenum. They secrete large quantities of alkalinemucus that protects the duodenal lining from the acidic chyme/gastric juicesfrom the stomach.

Front 48

Bile is important for the digestion of __ but it is not a digestive enzyme.

Back 48

fat

Front 49

Pancreas and liver are NOT part of the ____, but they are a part of the ___

Back 49

digestive tract, digestive system

Front 50

Describe the Crypts of Lieberkühn (intestinal glands).

Back 50

Tubular glands/pits located at the base of the villi along thesurface of the small intestine that produce 3L of of neutral (pH 6.5 –7.5) extracellular fluid/day.

Front 51

What is the function of the Goblet cells?

Back 51

protect and lubricate the rest of the small intestine

Front 52

What serves as the watery vehicle for the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine?

Back 52

the neutral extracellular fluid produced by the Crypts of Lieberkühn which are rapidly reabsorbed by the villi.

Front 53

Where are fat and lipid molecules absorbed?

Back 53

The lymphatic system, specifically the lacteal (a long tube rightthrough the middle of the capillaries).

Front 54

The ____ is a soft, glandular organ about 2.5cm wide and 12 – 15 cm long. It islocated below the stomach and adjacent to the duodenum.

Back 54

The pancreas

Front 55

The pancreas is both an ___ gland that secretes insulin through the islet of Langerhans into the blood and an ___ gland because it releases pancreatic juices through a pancreatic duct to the duodenum.

Back 55

endocrine, exocrine

Front 56

Bile is a solution consisting of water, bilesalts, bile pigments, lipids and electrolytes. Bile is necessary for the digestion of___, however, bile is not a ___ ___.

Back 56

fats, a digestive enzyme

Front 57

Exocrine vs Endocrine glands

Back 57

Exocrine gland—any gland that secretes its product into a duct leading directly to the target organ.Endocrine gland—any gland that releases itssecretions into the blood which carries the secretion to the target organ.

Front 58

Microvilli are found only on the side where there are ____ and serve the secondary function of acting as a ____.

Back 58

Villi, sensor

Front 59

The ___ is the largest organ within the body, it weighs about ___ and it is located below the diaphragm, right above the intestines.

Back 59

Liver 1.4kg (3lbs)

Front 60

What is the function of the liver with respects to metabolism?

Back 60

Production of bile

Front 61

Where is bile stored?

Back 61

In the gallbladder which is located at the bottom or ventral side of the liver.

Front 62

Bile acts as a ____ (something that is able to break up fat into small droplets).

Back 62

surfactant

Front 63

How does agitation of fat globules by thesmall intestine allow the digestive enzymes to act on them

Back 63

bile salts and other chemicals emulsifies the fat globules into droplets in order that fat digestive enzymes can act on them

Front 64

Bile salts are ___ ____ with one end soluble in water (polar end) and the other end soluble in fat (nonpolar end).

Back 64

steroid molecules

Front 65

___ of bile salts are reabsorbed in the small intestine some of these molecules are recirculate or reused up to___ a day

Back 65

95%, 5x

Front 66

Bile pigments

Back 66

Biliverdin and bilirubin which are break down products of hemoglobin from warn out blood cells (erythrocytes).

Front 67

Jaundice

Back 67

yellowingof skin and whites of eyes, occurs when there is an accumulation ofbilirubin in the extracellular fluids ofthe body

Front 68

3 Causes of Jaundice are:

Back 68

Excessive destruction of erythrocytes (common in babies), Damage to the liver (excessive alcohol), Obstruction to the bile ducts

Front 69

Lipids include __, __, and __,

Back 69

cholesterol,fatty acids, phospholipid (lecithin)

Front 70

Lecithin aids in the ___ ___ ___ along withbile salts, it keeps cholesterol in solution and prevents it from depositing inthe gallbladder as gall stones.

Back 70

emulsification of fats,

Front 71

We absorb ___ of gastrointestinal fluids (includes 1L of saliva) in the smallintestine.

Back 71

7.5 L

Front 72

Absorption in the small intestines occurs through

Back 72

Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Active transport (requires energy)

Front 73

With regards to the large intestine, the __ hangs down from the cecum and the ___is the largest part of the large intestine

Back 73

appendix, colon

Front 74

The large intestine joins the small intestine at the cecum and colon by the ileocecal valve. The large intestine is about __ in length and is composed of five major regions:

Back 74

1.5 m, cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal and anus

Front 75

The appendix is considered to be a ___ organ and a ___ organ. It acts as a reservoir of healthy, protective bacteria that can replenish theintestine after a bacteria-depleting bout of diarrhea.

Back 75

lymphatic, digestive

Front 76

What are the 2 functionsof the colon (in the proximal and distal half)?

Back 76

1) in the proximal half: absorption of water, electrolytes and some vitamins from chyme 2) distal half: storage of fecal material until expulsion

Front 77

Haustral or churning contractions

Back 77

the mixing, rolling and passing of chyme/fecal-material forwardpromoting absorption

Front 78

___ ___ propels fecal contents towards the anus. This occurs once to a few times per day where ~20 cm or more of the lower half of the large intestine contracts as a unit to allow for the material to be voided.

Back 78

Mass movement

Front 79

Of the450ml of chyme that enter the cecum daily, about __ml are eliminated bydefecation

Back 79

80

Front 80

Secretions within the colon include:

Back 80

mucus from goblet cells and crypts of Lieberkühn; epithelial cells secrete bicarbonate to neutralize acids produced by bacteria. No enzymes are secreted.

Front 81

Once the ileocecal sphincter is stimulated following a meal, it empties ___ of chyme into the cecum with each peristaltic contraction, for a total of __ per day.

Back 81

4ml, 450ml

Front 82

What is the purpose of the ileocecal sphincter?

Back 82

prolongs the amount of chyme in the small intestines which helps with the absorption of the most nutrients possible

Front 83

Someeating disorders result from ___ ___, others from socialand cognitive influences may impede with the normal physiological mechanisms

Back 83

physiological abnormalities

Front 84

List the 3 categories of obesity and the percentage values above the standard

Back 84

Mildobesity is considered 20-40%,Moderateobesity is consider 41- 100%, Severeobeisity is over 100%

Front 85

Emotionalstress is not a cause of ___but it can produce temporary fluaction ofeating habits and body weight in almost anyone

Back 85

obesity

Front 86

What are some factors that can affect obesity?

Back 86

Highinsulin levels, genetic, lack of exercise, cultural influences

Front 87

Manyanorexics prize ____ and describe themselves as "___ ___" or "__ ___ __ __"

Back 87

self-control, looking fat, needing to lose weight

Front 88

Ofthe anorexic individuals that consult a physician, about ____% die of starvation or othercomplications of severe weight loss

Back 88

5-10%

Front 89

Anorexia nervosa usually starts in the ___ and may continue in the 20's; however it is now recognized as a problem in older adults. It is __ more common in women than man.

Back 89

teens,20x

Front 90

People with bulimia alternate between ___ and ___. They can consume up to ___ food calories at a time.

Back 90

self-starvation and excessive eating, 20, 000

Front 91

How does the National Eating Disorder Association define Drunkorexia?

Back 91

replacingfood consumption with excessive alcohol and/or using alcohol to induce vomitingas a method of purging and numbing feelings

Front 92

CWAC diet

Back 92

coffee, water, alcohol, and cigarettes

Front 93

Drunkorexia is commonly triggered by __ __ and __ __ __. __ are typically more affected than __

Back 93

academic stressors, decreased parental supervision, women, men

Front 94

What is Hepatitis?

Back 94

Inflammation of the liver, viral hepatitis can be A- acquired from sewage-contaminated drinking water or food, B- spread through sexual contact or contaminated needles, C- acquired from infected blood

Front 95

___ __ virus is more contagious than the AID virus, spread in the same way

Back 95

Hepatitis B

Front 96

There are vaccines for Hepatitis __, __ but not ___

Back 96

A,B,C

Front 97

What is Cirrhosis?

Back 97

Chronic disease of the liver where the organ becomes fatty than liver tissue is replaced by inactive fibrous scar tissue

Front 98

What is diarrhea?

Back 98

loose or watery bowel movements caused by infection of lower intestinal tract and nervous stimulation (an attempt to rid the body of infectious organism, water is not reabsorbed)

Front 99

Describe constipation.

Back 99

dry and hard faces that is difficult to expel, caused by lack of whole-grain foods, ignoring to defecate

Front 100

Hemorrhoids?

Back 100

enlarged and inflamed blood vessels at the anus

Front 101

Diverticulosis?

Back 101

occurrence of little pouches of mucosa where food can collect

Front 102

Irritable Bowel Syndrome vs Inflammatory Bowel Disorder

Back 102

IBS (spastic colon) is a condition where the muscular is contracts powerfully without normal coordination; IBD includes ulcerative colitis and chrohn's disease

Front 103

Ulcerative colitis

Back 103

affects the large intestine and rectum resulting in diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal cramps and urgency in defecation

Front 104

Crohn's disease

Back 104

affects the small intestine but can affect other digestive tract organs, it is the breakdown of the lining resulting in ulcers

Front 105

Polyps

Back 105

small growths that arise from the epithelial lining and can be removed surgically

Front 106

Pritikin Diet

Back 106

encourages the consumption of large amounts of carbohydrates and finer in the form of whole grains and vegetables; but it is too low in fats

Front 107

Atkins Diet

Back 107

low-carb diet, eat more protein and fat; but it poses serious threat to homeostasis (breakdown of protein lowers blood pH, excess nitrogen from protein breakdown in kidneys)

Front 108

Zone Diet and South Beach Diet

Back 108

recommend only healthy fats and permit low -sugar carbs

Front 109

Caveman, or Paleo Diet

Back 109

mimics the diet of humans prior to agricultural pursuits, lots of meat, fish, fruits, and vegetables

Front 110

Define obesity

Back 110

body mass index of 30 or greater

Front 111

BMI is calculated...

Back 111

weight(lbs)/height (in.)^2 x 703

Front 112

Healthy BMI

Back 112

18.5-24.9

Front 113

Overweight BMI

Back 113

25-29.9

Front 114

Obese BMI

Back 114

30-39.9

Front 115

Mobidly Obese

Back 115

40 +

Front 116

Of the ___ different amino acids, __ are essential

Back 116

20, 8

Front 117

Vegetarians are counselled to eat __, ___ _ , and other foods made from ___ to get a complete source of protein

Back 117

tofu, soy milk, soybeans

Front 118

Binge eating disorder

Back 118

episodes of overeating without purging, can be triggered by stress, anxiety, anger and depression.

Front 119

Muscle dysmorphia

Back 119

a person thinks his/her body is underdevelopped so he spends hours at the gym and preoccupied with body building and diet. affects more men than women

Front 120

Nicole's test results indicated that she had

Back 120

GERD gastroesophageal reflux diseases (where food/liquid travel backwards up the esophagus from the stomach), duodenal ulcer and high levels of H. pylori (known to cause heartburn, reflux and ulcers)

Front 121

Saturated fats which are solids at room temperature usually have an animal origin except ___ __ and __ __

Back 121

palm oil and coconut oil

Front 122

Oils contain __ __ __ which do not promote cardiovascular disease

Back 122

unsaturated fatty acids

Front 123

__ __ are the only oils that contain linoleic acid and linolenic acid (2 acids that the body cannot make)

Back 123

Polyunsaturated oils

Front 124

The risk of cardiovascular disease is increased by diets high in __ and __

Back 124

saturated fats which contribute to atherosclerosis (lesions) and cholesterol

Front 125

Minerals are divided into major (need quantities greater than ___ per day) and trace (need levels less than ___ per day)

Back 125

major (100mg), trace 100mg