Nats 1675 Final Test

Front 1

Primary function of the respiratory system

Back 1

Transfer oxygen from the atmosphere to the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood to the atmosphere

Front 2

Respiratory System is responsible for these 4 processes

Back 2

Ventilation, External Respiration, Internal Respiration, Cellular Respiration

Front 3

Ventilation

Back 3

breathing; the mechanical process by which airis moved in and out of the lungs

Front 4

Cellular respiration

Back 4

The process by which cells combine O2 and some fuel, usually glucose. This process yields usable energy and CO2 as a waste product.

Front 5

External respiration

Back 5

The process by which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air (occurs in lungs)

Front 6

Internal respiration

Back 6

The process by where gases are exchanged between the blood and the cells

Front 7

External Respiratory System consists of ___ portion and ___ portion

Back 7

Conductive, Respiratory

Front 8

Conductive portion

Back 8

Nasal cavity/mouth/pharynx (roots), Larynx (base), Trachea (Trunk), Bronchi (primary tree branches), Secondary bronchi, Bronchioles (twigs)

Front 9

Respiratory portion

Back 9

alveoli

Front 10

In Internal Respiration, blood transports ___ to oraway from cells, therefore the circulation of blood in “internal respiration”is like breathing in “external respiration”.

Back 10

gases

Front 11

Pharynx is the common pathway for the ___ and ___ ___

Back 11

mouth and nasal passage

Front 12

What is the purpose of cilia in the nasal cavity and trachea?

Back 12

move particles over the cell, capture atmospheric debris

Front 13

The alveoli __ __ __ cilia

Back 13

do not have

Front 14

Surface area for gas exchange within the lungs is __

Back 14

68 m2 (area of a single tennis court)

Front 15

There are about ___ million alveoli (lined sacs) within the 2 lungs

Back 15

300

Front 16

How is Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome treated?

Back 16

It is now treatable by surfactant replacement therapy.

Front 17

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs through

Back 17

simple diffusion

Front 18

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome occurs...

Back 18

when the lungs collapse in some newborns, especially premature infants, who lack this surfactant (film that lowers the surface tension of water).

Front 19

Parietal pleura covers the wall of the __ ___

Back 19

pleural cavity

Front 20

Lungs are located in the __ cavity

Back 20

pleural

Front 21

The moist watery membrane that covers the lungs is called ...

Back 21

the visceral pleura

Front 22

Pleurisy occurs when ___ and ___ become inflamed causing varying degrees of pain from breathing and coughing.

Back 22

parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Front 23

The diaphragm accounts for about ___ of the expansion of the chest for inspiration.

Back 23

3/4

Front 24

___ ___ ___ is responsible for ¼ of the expansion of chest during inspiration.

Back 24

external intercostal muscles

Front 25

The __ __ __ are primarily used during forced expiration. They squeeze the chest cavity to an even smaller volume when they contract.

Back 25

internal intercostal muscles

Front 26

Breathing occurs in 2 phases: ___ & ___

Back 26

inspiration, expiration

Front 27

Tidal volume: at rest the average person breathes __ to __ times/minute and exchanges ___ of air with each breath

Back 27

10 to 14 times/minute, and exchanges 500 ml(0.5 L)

Front 28

Residual volume __ml is the volume remaining in the lungs, trachea, pharynx, mouth and nasal cavities.

Back 28

≈ 1000 -1300

Front 29

Vital capacity ( _____ml) is the total amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with maximum effort in one breath. It includes the inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume.

Back 29

≈ 4,000 – 4800 ml

Front 30

The total lung capacity is between ___ depending on the size and health of the individual.

Back 30

4300 – 6000 ml

Front 31

A city dweller inhales about __ billion particles per day.

Back 31

20

Front 32

Particles ____ may enter the alveoli, they are removed by the phagocytic white blood cells in the lymphatic system.

Back 32

< 2 micrometers

Front 33

Larger particles are....

Back 33

> 10 micrometers

Front 34

Smaller particles are... and get trapped in the mucous of the trachea

Back 34

< 10 micrometers

Front 35

Particles greater 2 micrometers are removed by ___.

Back 35

the cilia

Front 36

Atmospheric pressure is __ at sea level.

Back 36

760 mm Hg

Front 37

List the pressure (mm Hg) for the following: The diffusion of gas from inspired air --> alveoli -->capillaries --> systemic arteries --> cells -->systemic veins --> expired air

Back 37

160mmHg --> 100mmHg -->95mmHg -->25-40mmHg --> 40mmHg -->125mmHg

Front 38

Two types of sleep apnea: ___ &___

Back 38

Central & Obstructive

Front 39

Obstructive sleep apnea

Back 39

Airways in the upper respiratory system becomeblocked

Front 40

Central sleep apnea

Back 40

Usually caused by an illness/injury to thecentral nervous system and is associated with neurological problems in thebrain

Front 41

Polysomnogram

Back 41

Test for sleep disorder that examines bloodoxygen levels during sleep, electrical patterns in brain, eye movement, heartand breathing rate, and sleeping position

Front 42

CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) mask

Back 42

Used to treat obstructive sleep apnea by deliveringa constant flow of air into the upper respiratory tract

Front 43

Treatment for obstructive sleep apnea include:

Back 43

exercise, wight loss, reduced alcohol, CPAP mask, and/or uvulopalatopharynogoplasty (UPPP)

Front 44

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)

Back 44

surgery to remove some of the soft tissues in the pharynx region

Front 45

Upper respiratory tract infections (URI's) include:

Back 45

sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, laryngitis

Front 46

Lower respiratory tract disorders include:

Back 46

infections, restrictive pulmonary disorders, obstructive pulmonary disorders, and lung cancer.

Front 47

Strep throat

Back 47

bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus progenies that can lead to a generalized URI and/or systemic infection. It is successfully created with antibiotics.

Front 48

Sinusitis

Back 48

nasal congestion blocks the tiny openings leading to the sinuses. pain and tenderness usually occur over the lower forehead or over the cheeks. Hot showers, sleeping upright, nasal spray decongestants and oral antihistaminescan help alleviate symptoms

Front 49

Otitis media

Back 49

an infection of the middle ear, can spread by way of the auditory tube from the nasopharynx to the middle ear.

Front 50

Lower respiratory infections include:

Back 50

acute bronchitis, pneumonia and pulmonary tuberculosis

Front 51

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Back 51

when bacteria invade the lung tissue and cells build a protective capsule called tubercle around the foreign body.

Front 52

Pneumonia

Back 52

viral or bacterial infection of the lungs in which the bronchi and alveoli fill with thick fluid, may be localized to specific lobules of the lungs

Front 53

AIDS patients are subjected to a rare form of pneumonia called...

Back 53

Pneumocystis jiroveci, a fungus that affects patients with a reduced immune function

Front 54

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Back 54

Pulmonary fibrosis: inhaling particles (silica, coal dust, asbestos, and fibreglass can cause fibrous connective tissue to build up in the lungs; lungs cannot inflate properly and tend to deflate

Front 55

It has been projected that ___ million deaths caused by asbestos exposure -mostly in the workplace will occur in the US between 1990 and 2020

Back 55

2 million

Front 56

Cystic fibrosis

Back 56

genetic disease in which chloride ion transporter in mucus-producing epithelial cells do not function correctly; leading to thick mucous secrets

Front 57

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) include:

Back 57

chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma

Front 58

In Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders, air flow...

Back 58

does not flow freely in the airways and the time it takes to inhale or exhale maximally is greatly increased.

Front 59

In Restrictive Pulmonary Disorder vital capacity...

Back 59

is reduced because the lungs have lost their elasticity

Front 60

Chronic bronchitis

Back 60

airways are inflamed and filled with mucus because the bronchi have undergone degenerative changes (i.e. loss of cilia). Usually caused by smoking

Front 61

Emphysema

Back 61

alveoli are distended and their walls are damaged, consequently the surface area for gas exchange is reduced. Preceded by chronic bronchitis

Front 62

Severe emphysema can be treated with

Back 62

lung transplantation or lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) where a third of the most diseased lung tissue is removed

Front 63

Asthma

Back 63

disease of the bronchi and bronchioles that is marked by wheezing, breathlessness and a cough/expectoration of mucus

Front 64

How is asthma treated?

Back 64

special inhalers can control inflammation, other inhalers stop the muscle spasm caused by chemical mediators given off by immune cells in the bronchioles

Front 65

Lung cancer is more prevalent in __ than __ but has surpassed __ cancer as a cause of death in women.

Back 65

men, women, breast

Front 66

Sphygmomanometers

Back 66

measures blood pressure by first being inflated until after is completely closed by pressure, and gradually reducing pressure until a sound is heard, then reduced gradually until no sound is heard

Front 67

Hypertension

Back 67

Systolic > 140 ; diastolic >90

Front 68

Thevolume of blood in an average adult is __, the heart circulates the blood ___ in adults

Back 68

5L, 5L/minute

Front 69

Hypertension is often seen in individual who have atherosclerosis, a condition caused by...

Back 69

the formation of lesions on the inside of blood vessels

Front 70

Thrombus vs embolus

Back 70

thrombus: stays stationary ; embolus moves along with the blood

Front 71

Thromboembolism

Back 71

clot first carried in the bloodstream that becomes stationary when lodged in a small blood vessel

Front 72

Cerbrovascular accident (CVA) or stroke

Back 72

small cranial arterioles burst or are blocked by an embolus, lack of oxygen causes parts of the brain to die

Front 73

Myocardial Infarction (MI) or heart attack

Back 73

when a portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen

Front 74

Angina pectoris

Back 74

when a coronary artery becomes partially blocked, causing the person to feel pressure, squeezing or pain in the cost

Front 75

Nitroglycerin is used to...

Back 75

dilate blood vessels and help relieve pain

Front 76

Aneurysm

Back 76

the balloting of a blood vessel due to the weakening of the wall of the artery

Front 77

Medical treatment for a thromboembolism include:

Back 77

tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), a biotechnology drug that converts plasminogen (a protein in blood) into plasmin (an enzyme that dissolves blood clots).

Front 78

Tissue plasminogen has not been ___ when used for stroke patients.

Back 78

successful

Front 79

__ ___ can be accomplished bu using robotic technology where a video camera and instruments are inserted through small cuts.

Back 79

Bypass surgery

Front 80

Coronary bypass operation is one way to treat...

Back 80

an artery clogged with plaque

Front 81

Gene therapy has been used instead of coronary bypass to grow new blood vessels that will carry blood to cardiac muscle since ___

Back 81

1997

Front 82

___ is another alternative to bypass surgery, a small metal mesh cylinder holds a coronary artery open after a blockage has been cleared

Back 82

Stent

Front 83

Angioplasty

Back 83

plastic tube is inserted into an artery or an arm or a leg and then guided through a major blood vessel toward the heart. when the tube reached the region of plaque in an artery, a balloon attached to the end of the tube is inflated.

Front 84

heart failure

Back 84

the heart no longer pumps as it should, often the heart is oversized because it is sagging and swollen

Front 85

To counter abnormal heart rhythm, an __ __ __ can be placed beneath the skin of the chest to generate the missing beat as a pacemaker would

Back 85

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

Front 86

As there are many people on the waiting list for heart transplants, these alternatives have/may been/be used

Back 86

Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implanted in the abdomen where a tube poses from the left ventricle the device, genetically altered pig hearts

Front 87

Total artificial heart (TAH)

Back 87

an internal battery and a controller regulate the pumping speed and an external battery powers the device by passing electricity through the skin via external and internal coils.

Front 88

Primary pacemaker - SA (Sinoatrial node)-locatedin the wall of right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava, causesthe atria to contract at ....

Back 88

72beats/minute (70-80) [resting]

Front 89

Atrioventricularnode located in the region separating the atria above the ventricles maintainsthe beat at ...

Back 89

40-60beats/minute

Front 90

Impulses travel down the bundle of his in the septum of the heart and stimulate the Purkinje fibres which maintainthe heart rate at

Back 90

15-40 beats/minute

Front 91

___ is any disturbance in therate of the heart beat. Arrhythmiafrequently follows a heart attacks or heart failure, but also occurs when thereis a defect in the conduction system of the heart.

Back 91

Arrhythmia

Front 92

___ is a life threateningcondition in which the heart muscle is contracting very rapidly, but in anuncoordinated and ineffective fashion.

Back 92

Fibrillation

Front 93

The heartbeats/contracts about once in ___ seconds.

Back 93

0.8

Front 94

The P-wave indicates that the ___are about to contract; the S-A node has “fired”.

Back 94

atria

Front 95

The QRS sequence indicates the ___ are about to contract; the A-V node has “fired”.

Back 95

ventricles

Front 96

The ____ indicates the recovery of the ventricles.

Back 96

T-wave

Front 97

Blood Pressure in Male vs Females

Back 97

Male120/80Female110/70

Front 98

Bloodpressure ___ with age because the arteries get harder

Back 98

increases

Front 99

InNorth America and most industrial societies _____ are the number one cause of death, ___ is number 2

Back 99

Cardiovascular diseases, cancer

Front 100

After a myocardial infarction/heart attack, thedegree of tissue damage can be estimated by the amount of ____, one of several enzymemarkers, released from dead cells into the blood

Back 100

Troponin

Front 101

____ appearsin the blood 3 – 4 hours after a heart attack, peaks at 12 -16 hours and staysat elevated for two weeks.

Back 101

Troponin

Front 102

Silent killer

Back 102

Hypertension or high blood pressure

Front 103

Carbon dioxide is carried by the blood in 3 forms:

Back 103

7% dissolved gas in the plasma; 23% is attached to amino groups associated with hemoglobin; 70% as biocarbonate ions (H2CO3)

Front 104

Oxygen is mostly carried by ___ and only 1-3% is disolved in ___

Back 104

hemoglobin, plasma of the blood

Front 105

H2CO3

Back 105

carbonic acid

Front 106

CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> H+ + HCO3-

Back 106

Carbon dioxide + water --> Carbonic acid --> Hydrogen ion + Bicarbonate

Front 107

Causes of respiratory acidosis

Back 107

breathing slowly, narcotic drugsor certain pathological conditions, e.g.,pneumonia, emphysema, etc.

Front 108

Symptoms of respiratory acidosis (blood pH ‹7)

Back 108

depression of central nervoussystem (CNS), theperson becomes disoriented then comatose

Front 109

Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include

Back 109

over excitability of the nervous system. The peripheral NS is affected before theCNS. For the peripheral NS—numbness andtingling of extremities and mouth area, light-headedness, occasionally musclesgo into a state of tetany (cramping).

Front 110

Respiratory alkalosis results from ___. Causes include intentional or unintentionalhyperventilation, aspirin poisoning and anxiety.

Back 110

rapid breathing

Front 111

To correct respiratory alkalosis

Back 111

In persons with a normally functioning respiratory system, the condition is corrected by adjusting the amount of CO2 that is removed from the blood, i.e., breathe into a paper bag. In cases where the respiratory system is not functioning correctly, the kidneys help

Front 112

___ in the bloodis the trigger that makes us breathe

Back 112

carbon dioxide

Front 113

Involuntary regulation of respiration by the respiratory centre include...

Back 113

Respiratory cells located in the medulla & pons; the Herring-Breuer reflex (receptors that detect stretch/compression in lungs)

Front 114

__ __ prevent overinflation and send messages to the respiratory centre in the brain, causing the individual to exhale

Back 114

stretch receptors

Front 115

Humeral regulation

Back 115

the rate of breathing is controlled by pH, CO2 and O2

Front 116

__ has most effect on the respiratory centre

Back 116

CO2

Front 117

__ and __ cause a 6-7 fold increase on breathing rate

Back 117

CO2 and pH

Front 118

Low levels of __ affect chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries (arteries in the neck) and aorta (which exits the left side)

Back 118

O2

Front 119

___ is responsible for a 5 fold increase in breathing rate

Back 119

O2

Front 120

During normalbreathing the blood is __ saturated with O2. Slowingthe breathing rate by 50% only increases the saturation level by 10%

Back 120

97%

Front 121

___, ___, and ____ are the possible causes of prolonged O2 deficiency

Back 121

Pneumonia, High altitudes, Narcotic drugs

Front 122

Normal cells vs cancer cells (differentiation)

Back 122

Normal cells undergo the mitotic cycle about 50times and then die. Cancer cells areimmortal.

Front 123

The sequence of apoptosis

Back 123

1) shattering of the nucleus, 2) destruction of the chromosomes, 3) digestingof the cytoskeleton, and 4) packaging the remains into vesicles to be engulfedby macrophages

Front 124

Radiation and organic chemicals are responsiblefor ___of cancers world wide; viruses may cause __of worldwide cancers.

Back 124

85% , 15%

Front 125

At least 3 DNA viruses have been linked tohuman cancers:

Back 125

hepatitis B is linked with liver cancer; Epsteine-Barr is linked with Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer; and human papilloma virus with cervical cancer.

Front 126

CAUTION

Back 126

Change in bowel or bladder habits;A sore that does not heal;Unusual bleeding or discharge;Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere;Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing;Obvious change in wart or mole;Naging cough or hoarseness.

Front 127

Hodgkin’s disease

Back 127

type of lymphoma; uses to kill 2 of 3, now 3 of 4 survive

Front 128

___ , drug extracted from the barkof the Pacific Yew Tree iseffective against advanced ovarian, breast, head and neck tumours.

Back 128

taxol

Front 129

For cancer treatments, ___ alone is sufficient for cancer in situ, but because of the danger of cancer cells remaining, __ is often preceded by and/or followed by radiation.

Back 129

Surgery

Front 130

__ is mutagenic, and fast dividing cells are more susceptible to its effects compared to other cells. Cancer of the cervix, larynx, early stages of prostate cancer and Hodgkin’s disease (type of lymphoma) are often treated this way.

Back 130

Radiation

Front 131

____ is a way to catch cancer cells that have metastasized. Most chemotherapy drugs kill cells by damaging their DNA or interfering with DNA synthesis.

Back 131

Chemotherapy

Front 132

Leukemias, lymphomas and testicular cancers are now successfully treated by combination ___alone. There is an 80% survival rate of children with leukemia.

Back 132

chemotherapy