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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cherokee freedman
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Descendants of freed slaves
–became members of Cherokee Nation by treaty on 1866 •Cherokee Nation adds blood quantum requirement in 1980s –25,000 Freedmen lose Cherokee citizenship •Cherokee Supreme Court ruling in favor of Freedmen in 2006 •Cherokee Nation constitution amended in 2007, disenrolling the Freedmen •U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development freezes $33 million in funds – Freedmen allowed to vote in Cherokee special election for Principal Chief in 2011 |
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Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart
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• Brave Heart reports on a study in which 2/3 of Native American youth affirmed having experienced multiple traumatic events
• many involving death of of loved one “Many community members comment that they feel they are always in a state of mourning and constantly attending funerals.” founded takini network in 1992 work on historical trauma and TPTSD |
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Gerald Vizenor
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Survivance, post indian warrior
“Native survivance is an active sense of presence over absence; survivance is the continuance of stories, , Survivance stories are renunciations of dominance, |
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Rancheria
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• Small areas of land that were set aside for California’s
Native Americans in early 20th century • Open multiple groups who wound up in one place after land was taken • Different legal/administrative status from full-‐fledged reservations – federal “termination” of approximately 40 rancherias in mid-‐1950s – California Rancheria Termination Act (1958) – redistribution of communal land to individual tribal members – ongoing legal struggle for reinstating federal recognition |
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Smithsonian Institution
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• Private, nonprofit educational and research
institution • Founded 1846 • Largest museum complex in the world – 137 million items – 19 museums – 9 research centers – National Zoological Park – 168 affiliated museums – 30 million visitors per year – no admission fees |
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National Museum of the American Indian history
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• Created by Congress in 1989
– National Museum of the American Indian Act (Public Law 101-‐185) • Separate bureau within Smithsonian – majority Native American trustees • George Gustav Heye Center for the American Indian opens in New York in 1994 • Cultural resource center opens in Suitland, Maryland in 1999 • New museum on national mall opens September 21, 2004 – building fills last open space on mall |
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“Fourth museum” concept
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the inclusion of Native Americans in the
planning, curation, interpretation, and representation Native Americans do: staff, governance, exhibit design, interpretation, located near nature, living museum Our lives: visitors learn about the deliberate and often difficult choices indigenous people make in order to survive economically, save their languages from extinction, preserve their cultural integrity, and keep their traditional arts alive” Our universe: focuses on indigenous cosmologies—worldviews and philosophies related to the creation and order of the universe—and the spiritual relationship between humankind and the natural world. |
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“Fourth museum” concept criticisms
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other groups at smithsonian
destruction of capability to present unifying view of human societies • NMAI tends to highlight positive achievements of Native Americans and their ability to adapt and change in the contemporary world • History of “extreme brutalization, struggle, and suffering that they endured and overcame” is downplayed bureaucratic institution |
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NMAI Act
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National Museum of the American Indian Act
(1989, Public Law 101-‐185) – all Smithsonian museums must inventory, identiy, and consider for return Native American remains and funerary object |
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Culturally unidentifiable remains
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Until 2010, NAGPRA only covered remains that could be definitely linked to a group that exists today
• Discovery of remains on a group’s territory not sufficient for cultural affiliation • Additional evidence needed |
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Collaborative anthropology/archaeology
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Researchers not only collaborate with other scholars who share their worldviews but also seek common ground with culturally, socially, and ideologically distinctive perspectives
Indigenous knowledge considered essential Relationship-‐building Indigenous community input Mutual benefits Richer information because of time spent collaborating |
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Identity (personal, community, external, legal)
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• Individual
– person’s own self-‐perception • Community – perception of a person within their local community Legal identity: many do not have the ability to confirm their heritage because of the sociohistorical complexity and exclusivity of the criteria to do so. Acquiring such evidence is considered one of the most complicated, inconsistent paradoxes of federal law.” • External – perception of people from outside the community |
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Framing an American Indian Legal Identity, 2010
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[Tribal members] shouldn’t have to [carry cards]
Tribes can define who gets to be a member, but the feds can yank recognition, if they don’t like the way we do it. We’re really not as sovereign as we think we are. |
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Sovereignty
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• Federally recognized tribes are sovereign
nations – authority to determine who is and is not a member – may be based on lineal descent (regardless of blood quantum) – may be based on blood quantum • United States government can accept or reject tribes’ determination |
