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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Conservatives
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Usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.
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Liberals
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Mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote
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Radicals
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Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution-liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
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In the first half of the 1800s, three schools of political thought struggled for supremacy in European societies. Which three schools of political thought are these?
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Conservatives, liberals and radicals.
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Nationalism
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The belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
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Nation-state
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A nation that had it's own independant government and defends it's own territory and way of life while representing its nation to the rest of the world.
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In Europe in 1815, only which countries could be called nation-states?
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France, England and Spain
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Most of the people who believed in nationalism were...
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...either liberals or radicals.
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In most cases, who led the struggle for constitutional government and the formation of nation-states?
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The liberal middle class-teachers, lawyers and business people
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What were liberals, in many cases, fighting for?
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Constitutional government and the formation of nation-states.
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What did German liberals want?
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To gather the many different German states into a single nation-state.
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What did liberals in large empires, such as Hungarians in the Austrian Empire want?
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To split away and establish self-rule.
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Who were the first people to win self-rule during this period?
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The Greeks who, spurred on by the nationalist spirit, demanded independence and rebelled against the Ottoman Turks in 1821.
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Which region did the Ottomans control most of during this time?
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The Balkans (including present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and the former Yugoslavia).
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The most powerful European governments felt how about revolution?
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They were opposed to it.
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Who did Russians feel a connecction to?
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To Greek Orthodox Christians who were ruled by the Muslim Ottomans.
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Educated Europeans and Americans loved and respected which culture?
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Ancient Greek culture.
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The Battle of Navarino
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In 1827 when a combined British, French and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet.
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The resulf of the Battle of Navarino?
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In 1830, Britain, France and Russia signed a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece.
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By the 1830s, what was breaking down?
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The old order, carefully arranged at the Congress of Vienna.
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Liberals and nationalist thoughout Europe were openly revolting against what type of government?
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Conservative governments.
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When did Belgians declare their independence from Dutch control?
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In October 1830 after nationalist riots broke out against Dutch rule in the Belgian city of Brussels.
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What were nationalists trying to achieve in Italy?
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They were attempting to unite the many separate states on the Italian peninsula.
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Who ruled the seperate states on the Italian peninsula?
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Some were independant. Others were ruled by Austria or by the pope.
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Who sent troops to restore order in Italy?
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Prince Metternich sent Austrian troops to Italy.
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When was the Polish revolt?
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It was staged in Warsaw in late 1830 against Russian rule.
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About how long did it take Russian armies to crush the Polish uprising?
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Almost a year.
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When did the old order seem to have reestablished itself?
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By the mid 1830s. But the appearance of stability didn't last long.
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In 1848, what erupted throughout Europe?
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Ethnic uprisings.
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The result of an unruly mob in Vienna clashing with police?
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Metternich resigned and liberal uprisngs broke out throughout the Austrian empire.
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Louis Kossuth?
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Nationalist leader of Hungary. He called for a parliament and self-government for Hungary.
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What did Czech liberals want?
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They demanded Bohemian independence in Prague.
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By 1849, Europe had...
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...practically returned to the conservatism that had controlled governments before 1848.
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Who participated in many of the 1848 revolts?
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Radicals.
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What was the main goal of revolution in France?
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The radical demand for democratic government.
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What did France's King Charles X attempt in 1830?
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He attempted a return to absolute monarchy-this sparked riots that forced him to flee to Great Britain.
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Who was King Charles X replaced by?
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Louis-Philippe, who had long supported liberal reforms in France.
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Louis-Philippe's reign?
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Lasted almost 18 years, after which, in 1848, he fell from popular favor and a Paris mob overturned the monarchy and established a republic.
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How successful was the new republican government established by the Paris mob?
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Not successful at all, it began to fall apart immediately.
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Which were the 2 factions which radicals split into after the fail of the new republican government in France?
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One faction wanted only political reform and the other wanted political, social and economic reform.
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What turned French citizens away from radicals?
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The bloody battles in Parisian streets resulting from the differences between the two radical factions. French citizens didn't like the violence of these battles.
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What did the moderate constitution of 1848 in France call for?
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A parliament and a strong president to be elected by the people.
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Who won the presidential elections in France in December 1848?
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Louis-Napoleon, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
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What did Louis-Napoleon do 4 years into his reign?
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Just like his uncle, he took the title of Emperor (Emperor Napoleon III)
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How did France react to Louis-Napoleon claiming himself emperor?
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Most accepted it without complaint. They were weary of instability. They welcomed a strong ruler who would bring peace to France.
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What did Louis-Napoleon accomplish as emperor?
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He built railroads, encouraged industrialization and promoted an ambitious program of public works.
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What were the results of Louis-Napoleon's accomplishments as emperor?
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Unemployment decreased in France and the country experienced real prosperity.
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Which country still hadn't made the leap into the modern industrialized world in the 1800s?
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Russia.
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What was Russia's situation in the 1800s?
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Russia was under a feudal system, serfs were bound to the nobles whose land they worked and nobled enjoyed unlimited power over them.
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By the 1820s, many Russians believed that...
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...serfdom must end.
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Why did Russians believe that serfdom must end?
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Because they believed it was morally wrong and it prevented the empire from advancing economically.
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How did the czars of Russia feel about their feudal system?
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They were reluctant to free the serfs. They knew freeing them would anger the landowners, whose support the czars needed to stay in power.
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In 1853, Czar Nicholas I threatened to...
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...take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War.
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Why did Russia lose the Crimean War?
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Their industries and transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the country's troops.
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Who fought in the Crimean War?
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Russia against the combined forces of France, Great Britain, Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire.
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What did Nicholas's son, Alexander II, decide to do after the Crimean War?
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He decided to move Russia toward modernization and social change. Him and his advisers believed that his reforms would allow Russia to compete with western Europe for world power.
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What was the first and boldest of Alexander II's reforms in Russia?
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A decree freeing the serfs in 1861.
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Why did the abolition of serfdom in Russia only go halfway?
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Because peasant communities, rather than individual peasants, recieved about half the farmland in the country while nobles kept the other half. The government paid the nobles for their land, but each peasant community had 49 years to pay the government for the land it had recieved. So, while the serfs were legally free, the debt still tied them to the land.
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Death of Alexander II?
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In 1881, terrorists assassinated him.
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Who was the successor of Alexander II?
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Alexander III who tightened czarist control over the country. However, him and his ministers also encouraged industrial development to expand Russia's power.
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What was a major force behind Russia's drive toward industrial expansion?
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Nationalism.
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During the 1800s, ethnic groups stirred by nationalism were...
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...uniting into nations and building industries to survive amon othe nation-states.
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