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103 Cards in this Set

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Khost attack and retaliation
January 22, 2010. Since the suicide bombing that took seven CIA Americans in Afghanistan, the CIA has retaliated against militants in Pakistan with missile strikes from drone aircrafts. Pakistan announced it would delay any new offensives against militants for 6 to 12 months, which will likely increase American strikes.
Egyptian border fence
Terrorist groups have been building tunnels which have been a lifeline for Hammas. Egypt is attempting to control their borders both above ground and below. Israel and Egypt building fences above and below ground. Smuggling. Lifeline for Hamas.
Chinese BMD
China has successfully tested the nation’s first landing-based missile defense system. U.S. analysts state the tests are based on the conflict over American arms sale to Taiwan. The Defense and Foreign Ministries have released half-dozen warnings over the weapons deal, stating there will be consequences for the United States.
Rwandan report
Extremist Hutu in Rwanda’s government in 1994 were responsible for shooting down a plane carrying the Rwandan president. Since the president was Hutu the attack set off a spiral of violence leading to the genocide. Members of the Rwandan armed forces are likely the source of firing surface-to-air missiles at a private jet that was carrying President Juvenal Habyarimana and the President of Burundi.
China/Google
Google declared that it would stop cooperating with Chinese internet censorship, in response to sophisticated cyberattacks on its computer system. Chinese civilians are reportedly hacking google accounts (gmail) of people from the United States, while Chinese and Tibetan activists target phishing and spyware. Google has clashed repeatedly with Chinese officials over censorship demands.
China's mercantilism
China increasing in mercantilism, climbed to number three. Did this by devaluing their currency by holding rare minerals and trademarks registered by China. China benefiting that the world has gone into free marketable capitalism.
Okinawa situation
There is rising pressure for Japan’s prime minister to move a U.S. Marine base of the Okinawa Island, a move opposed by the United States. The increased pressure comes from mayoral election won by a candidate who opposes a 2006 deal with the US to build a replacement facility. The Obama administration will continue to push Japan (its closest Asian ally) to honor the deal. The final decision will be made in May.
Iranian nuclear program
The February 11th action that was supposed to “shock the western world” was Iran’s announcement that they were able to practice 20% uranium enrichment. This means that they now possess weapons grade uranium.
Yemen problems
Senate Foreign Relations Committee claims that as many as 36 American Muslims who were prisoners have moved to Yemen in recent months to study Arabic. Several have dropped off the radar and may have connections to Al Qaeda. Americans recruited in Yemen pose a particular threat because they can operate freely within the United States. Yemen has come under increased scrutiny from American counterterrorism with the move of militant groups from Pakistan to Yemen and Somalia.
Al-Shabaab
Rebel groups with Al Qaida ties have pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden.
Afghan/Pakistan/Taliban relations
Pakistan wants a central role in resolving the Afghan war and has offered to mediate with Taliban factions who use territory and have long ties as its allies. The offered was made in hopes of preserving Pakistan’s influence in Afghanistan once American troops leave. The United States have been more eager to push Pakistan into fighting the Taliban, than negotiating with them. The Pakistan makes clear that any solution will heavily affect neighbors in the region, India, China, and Iran.
Ukrainian election
Opposition leader Viktor F. Yanukovich declared victory in presidential elections in Ukraine. It is also a triumph for Moscow in its struggle for influence with the West in the former Soviet Union. Yanukovich is in favor to abandon the current plan for Ukraine to join NATO. The events reflect a conflict in Ukraine. On one side were those aligned themselves with the west and hope to create a European-style government. The other side has more loyalty towards Moscow, rejecting the prospective NATO union. Pro-Russian.
New Taliban "code of ethics"
# The Taliban’s spiritual leader, Mullah Muhammad Omar issued a new code of conduct for the Taliban. It includes bans on suicide bombings against civilians, burning down schools, or cutting off ears, lips and tongues. This new code does not mean gentler insurgency; they are still responsible for three-quarters of civilian causalities last year. NATO says the decision was made for a stronger insurgency.
# The Taliban have proposed that they will now 1. limit civilian casualties and 2. no longer cut off body parts as a punishment. This is because they are trying to recruit forces to join them to gain power as the US withdraws forces.
South China Sea dispute
# There is a dispute among China and other south East Asia countries, such as Vietnam. The conflict is based upon territorial control over the minerals, natural gas, and oil in the sea
# The Parasail and other Islands located in the South China Sea are thought to have oil in their sea beds. The sea bed only spans an area of about 200 miles. China currently possesses the Islands and has not agreed to multilateral talks.
Haiti
# January 14, 2010. Worst earthquake in 200 years. 200,000 plus deaths with mass graves. U.S. military secured the airport so aid could be brought in.
# The Middle East has not given much aid at all to Haiti, despite its wealth from oil . Israel has been one of Haiti’s key supporters following the earthquake.
Worms in space
Iran stated it had fired a rocket into space carrying living organisms-a rat, two turtles, and worms. The rocket involved is capable of carrying satellites, with speculation that Iran is working on a weapons delivery systems. This occurs after Iran launched an advances missile capable of reaching Israel and parts of Europe.
ICC and Sudan
The president of Sudan, Omar Hassan al-Bashir might be charged with genocide. He already has an arrest warrant (ICC) International Criminal Court against humanity and war crimes against the Darfur region of Sudan. Officials in Sudan dismissed the Court's decision of International court as irrelevant and will not effect his re-election.
Charlie Wilson
# Charlie Wilson a 12-term congressman, died in Texas. He was known for funneling billions of dollars in arms to Afghan rebels fighting the Soviets in the 1980’s. He provided an estimated $5 billion dollars to Afghan rebels and is subject of “Charlie Wilson’s War”. Before is secret Afghanistan role came to light, the former congressman kept his seat by balancing liberal views on domestic issues.
# Provided aid that allowed the Afghans to stand up to the Soviets in Operation Cyclone.
ANSA
# Assistant to the President on National Security
# This person serves as the chief advisor to the President on National Security Issues. This person is also appointed by the president, and doesn't need to be confirmed by the senate.

* The current ANSA is James L. Jones
NSC
National Security Council

Chair:
oObama (Prez)
*

Statutory Attendees:
o Joe Biden (VP)
oHilary Clinton (Sec of State)
o Robert M. Gates (Sec of Defense)
o Military Advisor: ADM Michael Mullen (Chairman of the JCS)
o Intelligence Advisor: Dennis C. Blair (Director of Nat. Intelligence)
*

Regular Attendees:
o James L. Jones (Nat. Sec. Advisor)
oRahm Emanuel (Chief of Staff to the President)
o Thomas E. Donilon (Dep. Nat. Sec. Advisor)
o Howard Schmidt (White House Cybersecurity Coordinator)
*

Additional Participants:
o Tim Geithner (Secretary of the Treasury)
o Eric Holder (Attorney General)
o Janet Napolitano (Secretary of Homeland Security)
o Bob Bauer (Counsel to the President)
o Lawrence Summers (Assistant to the President for Economic Policy)
o Susan Rice (Ambassador to the United Nations)
o Peter Orszag (Director of Office of Management and Budget
NSA
# National Security Agency
# Coordinates and directs highly specialized activities to protect US informations systems and to produce foreign intel informations.

* Keith B. Alexander is the current director of the NSA under Pres. Obama
NRO
# National Reconaissance Office
# One of the intelligence agencies whose primary purpose is the maintenance of US Recon satellites. It designs, builds, and operates the spy satellites of the United States government.

o Bruce Carlson is the current director of the NRO under Pres. Obama
National Geospatial Imagery Agency
# National Geospatial Imagery Agency

* Primary mission is the collection, analysis, and distribution of geospacial intelligence in order to support national security.
o The current Director is Robert B. Murrett.
DIA
# Defense Intelligence Agency
# Major producer and manager of military intelligence of the Department of Defense.
# HUGE! Employs over 16,500 military and civilian employees worldwide
# The Defense Intelligence Community is headed by the DIA, through its Director (who chairs the Military Intelligence Board), and coordinates the activities of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force intelligence component

* The current director is LT. Ronald Burgess.
PFIAB
# President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board
# Tells the Pres what the intel community should be looking at
FISA courts
# Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Courts
# Established by the FISA act of 1978. the FISA oversees requests for surveillance warrants against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States by federal police agencies (primarily the F.B.I.)
Iran Contra Scandal
#

Reagan
#

In Nicaragua, a dictatorship had been overthrown by the Sandinistas (clients of the USSR)
#

Contras- the US is supporting them.
#

We had broken relations with Iran at the time. At the time Iran was at war with Iraq

* Heavy causalties
* Iraq was allied with the USSR
* Iran was using US weapons

# The US supplied satellite imagery to the Iraqis.
# The Contras were accused of torture
# Congress cut off support of the Contras, but we still wanted to give them money
# Using Israelis as go betweens, we sold guns to Israel, who sold it Iran. We funneled the money to the contras.
# NSC took charge of this. THIS WAS BAD… the US was playing with both sides!
National Security Act of 1947
Established the Department of Defense (formerly: Department of War), Joint Chief of Staff, Air Force (formerly: Army Air Corps), CIA
Homeland Security Act of 2002
Created the United States Department of Homeland Security in the largest federal government reorganization since the Department of Defense was created via the National Security Act of 1947. It created the new cabinet-level position of Secretary of Homeland Security. It reorganized and centralized Federal security functions
2004 Act establishing DNI
This act established both the position of Director of National Intelligence (DNI), the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)
Executive
* Commander in chief
* Executive agreement (if treaty not ratified)
* Can refuse to enforce legislation
* Propose the budget
* Conduct US diplomacy
* Appointment
* Diplomatic recognition
* Gives orders to exec branch. (execute policy)
Legistlative
*

Declare war (hasn’t happened since WW II)
*

Power of the purse ($$)
*

1973 War Powers Act: Troops can be deployed for 60-90 days and congress can bring them home whenever (has never been enforced)
*

Notified of covert action within 48 hours
*

Can veto
* Can impeach the President
Judicial
# Power of judicial review (constitutional or not?)
#

Interprets laws
#

FISA Courts
NIC
* National Intelligence Counci
* Governing body of national intelligence officials. Gives the NIEs (National Intelligence Estimate). President can act if NIE deems it necessary. For example, prior to invading Iraq, Bush sought out their council
NFIB
* National Foreign Intel Board
* A group of the heads of the agencies
PIOB
* President's Intelligence Oversight Board
* Lawyers who advise if intelligence activities are legal
Realism
Getting and using power. States are primary actors. Rational. ocus is mainly on states whose core national interests can be defined as power. Realists assert that states must pursue self-help strategies in order to survive. States seek to balance the power of other states either through alliances or through internal means of increasing their relative power, such as arms build-ups or economic mobilization.
Liberalism
# Core value is individual liberty and moral autonomy. Liberalism holds its intellectual roots with Immanuel Kant and other Enlightenment thinkers. Although states remain the key actors, their ability to guarantee the rights of their population is of the upmost importance.Main theory= democratic peace theory: argues that democratic nations have rarely gone to war with each other, therefore, the consensus and time avoids war, there is a universal right.
Neoconservatism
# Kind of a blend between realism and liberalism. Like realists, they put power at the center of their analysis. They are skeptical of the notion of an international community. They also question the value of international law and international institutions (the UN). They view realism as inadequate for its lack of moral vision. The use of power should be guided by moral values and used to promote democracy, free markets, and respect for liberty.

* Neocons see the international environment as dangerous with conflict, power is at the center (like realists), power must be guided by moral values that promote democracy, can improve international affairs (like liberals), focuses on material power in addition to democracy promotion
* US should manage world affairs. US is world police. Questions the value of the United Nations. The US should be guided by moral principles.
Constructivism
Focuses on non-material and material in affecting situations (e.g. the context...religion, culture, etc). Provides an explanation for change. Identity not only shapes but is shaped by social interaction over time. Constructivism provides an approach that facilitates an understanding of aspects of identity, such as strategic or organizational culture, that may help to explain a state’s behavior. provides explanations for change-shaped by social interaction over time, examine social processes and changes to identify why wars have happened. Stresses that peace can be built and could changed. Looks at the role of international norms.
Individual level analysis
Humans are intrinsically competitive and violent-leads to war, focus on how individuals affect state actions. Some argue that war will always be a part of the human experience, because of the tendency toward competition and violence is intrinsic to human nature.
Domestic level analysis
Conflict is best understood by focusing on the states (like realists), democratic peace theory focuses on state level, focus on governments and bureaucracies and how they affect the behavior of the state.This approach suggests that actions in international affairs are best understood as the product of the internal character of states.
International level analysis
The process of the interaction of states, or globalization and how it alters the economic power and salience of the states is one method. The structure uses poles, example a unipole that will ensure the structure of world politics stays in a way that other powers don’t reach the status of the dominant power.Those who look to the international system generally focus on one of two categories- process or structure.
“traditional” American approach to national security
* Importance of values
* Idealism
* Aversion to violence and implications for military policy
* Dissociation and Depreciation of power and diplomacy
* Primacy of domestic affairs
* Crusading spirit
* Impatience
* Unwisdom of standing military forces
Goldwater-Nichols
# Legislation passed in 1986 due to the lack of legislation and laws regarding national security, requires president to report the administration’s national security strategy to congress on an annual basis. Allows Congress to evaluate the agenda and determine whether or not its feasible or coherent. Legislation united the department of defense in regards to budget, weapons, programs, and planning.
#
Mandated that the president set forth a national security strategy to guide the entire national security system according to shared priorities. Allowed Congress to evaluate the coherence and feasibility of the strategy. Also integrated DoD--streamlined chain of command from the president through sec. of defense to theater commanders. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff became principal adviser to the president. Theater commanders gained control over all areas of operations. Mandated improved service interoperability.
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld
2006 Supreme Court case that ruled that president did not have authority to establish military tribunals for detainees in the war on terror-congress must establish the guidelines. Concerns about whether or not the presidency was turning imperial became apparent therefore the court wanted to limit the abilities president had on detainees from the war on terror. pres. Didn’t have authority to do rules for tribunals. Congress should establish rules for trials.
4 year QDR process
The process is meant to review of the national security agenda-force structure, modernization plans, infrastructure, budget plan, etc. recent QDR’s focus on national capability to meet emerging threats, very useful for Congress to influence or compute the national security agenda. Also, since Congress controls the purse strings it’s easier for them to view the budget. The Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff and the secretary of defense lead a discussion on to review all the elements of defense policy and strategy needed to support the national security strategy. The defense strategy is then used to decide plans for military force structure, force modernization, business processes, supporting infrastructure, and required resources. 4 years. Pres. Terms. 1st year = off year.
Muslim Brotherhood
Egyptian group going back to Muslim roots. Roots of radicalism. Revival by Sayyid Qutb (philosopher-theoretician) Mid 20th century-Father of contemporary Islamist radicalism.
# Organized in Egypt in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna

* Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri who is a disciple of Qutb took is branch of the Muslim Brotherhood and combined it with bin Laden’s al Qaeda.
* The Muslim Brotherhood has focused much of its effort it the populous areas of Egypt since 1980.
3/11
* Al Qaeda attack in Madrid, Spain on March 11, 2004. Killed 200 and wounded 1,800.

o The attack was aimed to cripple Spain’s support of the Iraq War. It was successful because it changed Spain's government.
o Carried out 72 hours before the national election, the Socialist Party won the election on a pull out of Iraq platform.
o Al Qaeda had a little luck though; the Populist Party falsely blamed the Basque separatist group, ETA, for the attack.
NDOS Estonia 2007
* A cyber attack was waged on Estonia from April to Mid-May, 2007. The attack targeted the websites of government, bank, telecommunications, news organizations, and internet service providers.

* The Estonians had removed WWII statue memorializing their liberation by the Soviets and feeling this was the trigger blamed the Russians for the attack. NATO later discovered that the attack was carried out my Russian citizens with no affiliation to the government.
Wahaabism
* An ascetic, purist, Sunni Islamic sect, one that emphasizes Muslim superiority and preaches a strict, legalistic interpretation of the Koran.
* Many Al Qaeda recruits are Wahhabists. Saudi has tried to export Wahaabism to Afghanistan.
* Iraqi Shias refer to all Sunni Muslim radicals as Wahhabs.

* Wealthy Wahhabis give millions each year to Islamic charities. Much of this money ends up in the hands of Islamic extremists. Arabians about going back to original Islam. In Saudi Arabia. Sunnis. Saudi wealth funds. Where they go, extremism follows.
Kuwait's diwaniya
Diwaniya means open discussion. It is a tradition that deals with people coming together to share information ranging from prices of products to current events. The diwaniya tradition is the only thing that resembles a democratic tradition in all of the Gulf
Shiite/Sunni
* Shiite
o Those who believe the caliph should be a direct descendent of Muhammad. (arab tribes)
o More direct political and social sway.
o Iran, Iraq, Lebanon
* Sunni
o Believe that that the caliph is elected, chosen not by birthright. (Mecca power elite)
o Saudi Arabai, Yemen
UNIFIL
# nited Nations Interim Forces In Lebanon
# Hezbollah supported by Iran and Syria took control of southern Lebanon in 2000 after Israel pulled out.
# Became limbo Hezbollah-stan
# Hezbollah has attack Israel multiple times
# 2006 Israel responded

* Known as Israel-Hezbollah War of 2006/July War/ the Rocket War
* Hezbollah claimed victory, but suffered losses.

# Thus the UN reinforced UNIFIL.
# 10,000 peacekeepers in southern Lebanon...criticized by both Israelis and Hezbollah

* Israel is mad because UNIFIL has not disarmed the Hezbollah forces
* Hezbollah is mad because UNIFIL has not stopped Israeli reconnaissance aircraft from flying over southern
Israeli Military Order #158
# Order amending the water supervision law of October 1967
# The occupied West bank is governmed by Israeli military authorities.
# It states that “it shall not be permissible for any person to set up or to assemble or to possess or to operate a water installation unless he has obtained a license from the Are commander”
# Basically….Israel is in charge of local agriculture in Palestinian areas.
Lebanon's last census was in 1932--why?
# 1932-census confirmed that Christians were still the majority. Based on this census, a system of allocating parliamentary seats and executive positions was established.
# No census because christian’s are definitely in the minority now, and a new census would reallocate the parliamentary seats. Christians would lose power.
Azeri vs. Armenian politics
Azerbaijan and Armenia. Who has oil. # Disagree over possession of Nagorno-Karabakh

* Full of Armenians…surrounded by Azeri territory
* Fought from 1991-94
o Armenians lost
o Truce in '94

# Armenians backed by Russians, Azeris by Turks
# Armenia does NOT have oil, Azerbaijan does
The "Kosovo Precedent"
# When Kosovo declared independence, the United States immediately recognized Kosovo. But they stated that this was not a rule of them, not a precedent.
# However, Russia, (who severely opposed this) has now used Kosovo as a precedent to recognize South Ossetia and Abkhazia
Battle of Kosovo 1389
# Serbian Prince Lazar who led Christian forces was defeated by the Turkish Sultan Murad I. Kosovo was the core of Serbia’s medieval empire and regarded Kosovo as the cradle of Serbian civilization.
# Slobodan Milosevic used this as fire power to rally the troops.
Moldova and Transdniestr
# We can call this the Moldova Crisis
# Transdnister is a predominately Russian ethnicity with Russian sentiments. It is a separatist statelet.
# This is how it went down:

* 1990- Russians proclaimed the Transdniestr Republic
* 1991 Moldova breaks from USSR
* 1992-Fighting breaks out between Moldova and Transdniestr.
* 1992-cease fire agreement signed.
* 1995 Transdniestr passed its own constitution.
* 2006- Transdiestr voters declared independence from Moldova.
* No final solution has been reached.
PKK
* The Kurdistan Workers Party
o Main Kurdish resistance group active in Turkey.Wants Kurdistan to be a separate state from Iraq.

o Receives support from Syria.
Turkish politics
Know relations on international stage. Denied membership in EU. Muslim immigration. Human rights. Not as prosperous.
Juche
* Official state ideology and RELIGION of North Korea
* Teaches that man is the master of everything and decides everything.
* A political philosophy which is supposed to explain the tyranny.
* Juche focuses on the uniqueness of the Korean character.
* Combines nationalism, collectivism and shards of oriental and western philosophies.
* Creates very traditional Korean aristocrats surrounded by courtiers and loyal generals and espousing a xenophobic and nationalistic line (juche)
Power
National interest is defined in terms of power.” Power is as much psychological as it is physical. If people think you are powerful then you are and vice-versa.
# Hard/soft

* Hard power: the use of force (e.g. military) to acquire or keep power
* Soft power: the use of persuasion to gain or keep power
"the ability to achieve desired outcomes in international affairs through attraction rather than coercion"
Elements of power
population, technology, geography, economy, military
Ends means analysis
1. Planning:plan for immediate, probable, or possible situations/threats
2. Parameters of action
3. Logistics
4. Acquisitions and appropriations
5. Sharing costs
4 levels of national interest
1. Survival
2. Vital
3. Major
4. Peripheral
4 basic tenets
1. Individual security (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness)
2. National security (preservation ans successful pursuit of national interest)
3. International security (stability in the system of states)
4. Global/environmental security (global warming, pollution)
National Security Planning
1. ID and prioritization
2. threat assessment
3. Ends-means analysis
Threat assessment
* threats from nature (inanimate threats)
* threats from human actors (animate threats)
o What is the enemy's physical capability to hurt the nation? (physical)
o How motivated is the enemy to hurt the nation? (psychological)
response to threats
1. Ignore: It is helpful to ignore when your enemy wants attention (e.g. refuse to recognize the Taliban as a legitimate state)
2. Deterrence: A country will not attack because they fear retaliation (e.g. nuclear threat to both the Soviets and the U.S--both feared nuclear retaliation if they struck first)
3. Preemption: Use of limited force on the eve of an enemy's strike. Bush redefined it: if a country is a grave and growing concern then the U.S. could preemptively strike.
4. Compellance: You vs. the enemy
5. Peacemaking: International community vs. troublemaker
* The previous two are lumped together (e.g. economic sanctions or military use)
6. Appeasement: Small things that could be given to a problem state in hopes of reforming or rebuilding relations. Trying to diffuse a situation. (e.g. engagement, rewards (i.e. carrots), peace building)
7. Defense: Considered evil during the cold war period.
* Build up defense to lower nuclear weapons
Red Scare
* A period of fear in the United States about soviet infiltration.
* Fear that communism would upset the capitalist social order in the United States
* Increased fear of communist espionage
* Fear that soviet spies and communist sympathizers had infiltrated the government and had infiltrated the Manhattan project to receive top secret nuclear bomb information
* Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
* McCarthyism
* Fear escalated by China becoming a communist nation--led to the “who lost China” debate
* Domestic fear of communist influence, in all sectors of American life (government, media, politics etc…)
New Look
* U.S. emphasis on relying on nuclear weapons instead of conventional forces for defense.
* U.S. national security policy during the Eisenhower administration
* Emphasized reliance on strategic nuclear weapons
* Reflected President Eisenhower’s concern for balancing the Cold War military commitments
* “Long haul” approach to security planning, and would allow for a constant level of military readiness
* Wanted to avoid economic disaster or problems, as a result of too much military spending
* Brought about a shift in emphasis from conventional military capability to "air-atomic" capability in the form of the Strategic Air Command
* Massive retaliation – “all or nothing”
Containment
* Keeping Communism contained to stop a domino effect and let it implode on itself.
* Kennan’s policy for a long term, patient, firm containment of Russian expansive tendencies
* Waned to counter Soviet pressures and influence on the nations of the free world
* Called for the application of counter-force
* Also advocated for the use of military, economic and diplomatic strategies to counter or halt the spread of communism
NSC 68
* U.S. blueprint for actions during the cold war. Talked about containment and stopping Russia.
* Compiled by Paul Nitze
* Called for a massive build up of both conventional and nuclear arms
* Sought to protect the U.S. and its allies from Soviet land and air attacks, maintain lines of communications, and enhance the technical superiority of the United States through ?an accelerated exploitation of [its] scientific potential
* Emphasized military over diplomatic action
Marshall Plan
# Rebuild Europe in an effort to stop Communism from spreading.
# Economic aid was provided for the USSR and some of its allies, but they refused
# Provided both technical and economic assistance to European countries at the end of WWII
Technology breakthroughs
Space flight, ICBMs, SLBMs, SDIs
MAD
* Mutually assured destruction leads both sides to not fire.
* Assumption that both sides have enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other. So if one country attacks another, then that country will retaliate with equal or greater force
* Fail-deadly (encourages deterrence by guaranteeing an immediate, automatic and overwhelming response to an attack)
* Payoff of this doctrine would be a tense but stable peace
NUTs
Give up the concept of MAD and move to a war fighting posture.
Strategic Triad
* Defense through strategic, tactical and nuclear options
* The development of ICBMs, SLBMs, and strategic bombers as three means of strategic force
* Each could cause significant harm, without the dependence on the others
Nixon Doctrine
# Do not become involved in a land war in Asia.
# Argues for a pursuit of peace through a partnership with American allie
Carter Doctrine
* U.S. would use military force (if necessary) to defend its interests in the Persian Gulf region
* Designed to deter the Soviet Union from seeking hegemony in the Persian gulf

* Resulted in the Rapid Deployment Force
Reagan Doctrine
* The doctrine was designed to serve the dual purposes of diminishing Soviet influence in developing regions, while also potentially opening the door for capitalism
* "The U.S. must rebuild the credibility of its commitment to resist Soviet encroachment on U.S. interests and those of its Allies and friends, and to support effectively those Third World states that are willing to resist Soviet pressures or oppose Soviet initiatives hostile to the United States, or are special targets of Soviet policy."
* Policy supporting anti-communist insurgents throughout the world
* Reagan’s foreign policy disregard containment and applied “rollback” to deal with the Soviet communist threat
* Contain and overtime reverse Soviet expansionism (especially in the developing world)

o Ex: U.S. support for the contras in Nicaragua and U.S. funding of mujahedeen in Afghanistan
Truman Doctrine
* Established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces
* Effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy from one of withdrawal to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts
* Asked Congress to provide $400,000,000 worth of military and economic assistance to Greece and Turkey as a way to halt communist influence to this critical region to U.S. national security
* United States was compelled to assist free peoples in their struggles against totalitarian regimes
Enlargement
The constant growth of NATO to hold off the soviet threat.
Preemption
* Limited use of force on the eve of an enemy's attack
* Under what conditions is it justified?
o Some say it's justified solely if there is "imminent danger", Bush redefined this...thought it was justified under "grave and growing concern"
RDF
* Establishment of a mobile force capable of responding to worldwide emergencies
* The concept of rapidly deployable military forces that could independently operate, without the use of forward bases or the facilities of friendly nations

* Somewhat reminiscent of Flexible response
Rollback
* United States would actively push back the influence of the Soviet Union.
* Using military force to "roll back" communism in countries where it had taken root.
* Was greatly used during the Reagan administration in anti-communist resistance movements in Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua and other nations
Détente
* Permanent relaxation of international affairs during the Cold War
* Easing of strained relations or tensions (specifically between the USSR and the U.S. during the Cold war)
* This led to the majority of treaties during the Cold war such as the Partial Test Ban Treaty, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, SALT I and II, ABM treaty etc…

* No one gets hurt, but the enemy isn’t always rational
Proxy wars
#


* A war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly
* A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate

* Ex: Bay of pigs invasion, Cuban missile Crisis, Iran hostage crisis, Iraq-Iran war
1-4-2-1
# was the defense strategy/military priorities of Rumsfeld

* 1: Defend the US
* 4: Maintain forces capable of deterring aggression if 4 critical regions
o Europe, NE Asia, East Asia and Middle East/S. Asia
* 2: Maintain ability to defeat aggression in any 2 of these areas at the same time
* 1: Be able to win decisively in at least 1 of those 2
Missile defense
* The U.S. has the Triad of missiles defense which means that they can be fired from Land, Air or Sea. Since 1984 under the Reagan administration the U.S. has build up its missile defense program so that we have the capability to shoot down incoming missiles and the George W. Bush administration put the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) in place. This is a layered defense system with the missiles being able to destroy ballistic missiles at all stages of flight.
* Systems that are in place
o Stealth Cruise Missiles
o Air lauched

*
Systems that are planned
o Possible unmanned helicopters, fighter, micro-air vehicle
INF
* Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
* Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges (500-5500 km)
* Real cuts in nuclear weapons
* Soviets and US agreed to onsite verification
* Inspectors on both sides overseeing the process of actually getting rid of weapons
CFE
* Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
* Limited weapons in Europe and mandated the destruction of excess weapons in Europe
* Limited the number of armed forces stationed in Europe by the US and Soviet Union
SALT I
# ABM Treaty (Nixon Era)

* Placed a cap on ground based assets while maintaining a high cap on sea based assets
* Trying to encourage Soviet Union into the MAD doctrine
* Limits ballistic missile defense
* Each state could choose 2 BMD sites
* One around the capital city and the other around a BMD site
* Eventually limited to one site
o Soviet Union chose Moscow
o United States chose a BMD site in North Dakota
SALT II
# Continuation of SALT I talks (Carter Era)

* Again, trying to play with the Soviet force structure
* Never ratified because right after it was sent to Congress, Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan
CTBT
*
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

* No nuclear weapon testing

* Bans all nuclear explosions in all environments (military and civilian)

* Signed in 1996 but was not ratified by the US
PTB
* Partial Test Ban Treaty
* During Kennedy administration
* Limited nuclear testing to underground only
* Designed to slow the arms race down
* Also to limit the amount of radioactivity present in the atmosphere or water when the bombs were tested
NPT
* Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
* Limit the spread of nuclear weapons
* Help countries with peaceful nuclear research
o “Atoms for Peace”

* Non nuclear weapon countries pledge not to seek nuclear weapons

* However, it wasn’t very effective because if you wanted to get a nuclear weapon, you could
STORT
* Deals with the storing of nuclear weapons

* Limited the number of nuclear weapons that could be stored (1700-220 each)

* No verification process to ensure compliance
START
* Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
* Bilateral Treaty between Soviet Union and United States
* Proposed by Reagan, signed in 1991 and enforced in 1994
* Barred its signatories from deploying more than 6000 nuclear warheads and 1600 ICBMs, SLBM, and bombers
Obama's engagement strategy
The idea of meeting with foreign leaders who we wouldn’t talk to in the past (North Korea, Iran)
Cuban Missile Crisis
* Nuclear weapons were being installed in Cuba America freaked and Russia withdrew them as long as the United States promised to withdraw theirs from Turkey.
* Closest the U.S. came to actually engaging in a nuclear/physical war with the USSR during the cold war