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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Chemical nomenclature:
-same substance chemically, but in a different form |
allotrope
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Chemical nomenclature:
-capable of acting as an acid or a base |
amphoteric
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Chemical nomenclature:
-situation where catalyst & regulatory enzyme are the same *end product inhibits initial reaction |
allosterism
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Chemical nomenclature:
-system which resists marked changes in solution pH |
buffer
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Chemical nomenclature:
-passage of charged particles toward a cathode in electrophresis |
catephoresis
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Chemical nomenclature:
-movement of charged particles suspended in liquid under the influence of an electrical field |
electrophoresis
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Chemical nomenclature:
-compounds with mirror image isomerism, optical density |
entiomer
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Chemical nomenclature:
-enzymatic decomposition of carbohydrates |
fermentation
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Chemical nomenclature:
-sugar breakdown |
glycolysis
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Chemical nomenclature:
-AKA gluconeogenesis -formation of carbohydrates from non-carbohydrate source |
glyconeogenesis
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Chemical nomenclature:
-forming glucose from glycogen |
glycogenolysis
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Chemical nomenclature:
-same molecular formula, different arrangement |
isomer
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Chemical nomenclature:
-same atomic number (protons) , different atomic weight (neutrons) |
isotope
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Chemical nomenclature:
-enzymes of different structure, same function -ex: lactate dehydrogenase & pepsin |
isozyme
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Chemical nomenclature:
-the pH of a solution at which a charged ion does not migrate to either pole in an electric field |
isoelectric point
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Chemical nomenclature:
-sulfur analogs to alcohols |
mercaptens
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Chemical nomenclature:
-loss of electrons -ex: NADP ----> NADH |
oxidation
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Chemical nomenclature:
-gain of electrons -ex: NADPH -----> NADP |
reduction
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Chemical nomenclature:
-alkali hydrolysis of a TAG -yields a glycerol & a soap |
saponification
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Chemical nomenclature:
-a metallic salt of a fatty acid |
soap
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Chemical nomenclature:
-isomers with different spatial & configurational formulas |
stereoisomer
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Chemical nomenclature:
-an amino acid at its isoelectric point -least soluble form |
Zwitter ion
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Name the chemical test:
-detects presence of glycerol |
Acrolein test
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Name the chemical test:
-differentiates mono from disaccharides |
Barfoed's test
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Name the chemical test:
-detects dextrose |
Benedict's test
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Name the chemical test:
-detects peptide linkages |
Biuret test
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Name the chemical test:
-detects dextrose in urine |
Fehling's test
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Name the chemical test:
-detects number of unsaturated fatty acids present |
Iodine number test
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Name the chemical test:
-red strip = turns blue in basic -blue strip = turns red in acidic |
Litmus test
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How many kCal/gram in Alcohol?
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7.1 kCal/gram
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How many kCal/gram in Carbohydrates?
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4.2 kCal/gram
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How many kCal/gram in Fat?
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9.5 kCal/gram
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How many kCal/gram in Protein?
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4.3 kCal/gram
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What is the metabolic "fate" of cholesterol?
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A bile salt
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Name the 2 major types of bile salts.
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1) Glycocholic acid
2) Taurocholic acid |
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How do bile salts taste?
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extremely bitter
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What are 4 functions of bile salts?
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1) accelerate pancreatic lipase action
2) aid in fat soluble vitamin absorption 3) keep cholesterol in solution 4) stimulate intestinal motility |
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Bile salts are formed via ______ linkages.
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peptide
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What are the properties of bile salts?
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Water soluble w/ strong detergent action
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Definition:
-molecules of 3 or more carbons containing less than 1 hydroxyl group & an aldehyde (glucose) or keto (fructose) group |
Carbohydrate
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GLUCOSE + FRUCTOSE = ?
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SUCROSE
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GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE= ?
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LACTOSE
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GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE = ?
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MALTOSE
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Name 5 types of monosaccharides.
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1) Glucose
2) Fructose 3) Galactose 4) Ribose 5) Deoxyribose |
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Name 3 types of disaccharides.
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1) Sucrose
2) Lactose 3) Maltose |
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Name 2 types of trioses.
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1) Glyceraldehyde
2) Dihydroxyacetone |
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Name 4 types of polysaccharides.
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1) Starch
2) Glycogen 3) Cellulose 4) Pectins |
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Name the carbohydrate:
-"table sugar" -Alpha 1,4 linkages |
Sucrose
-disaccharide |
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Name the carbohydrate:
-"milk sugar" -Beta 1,4 linkages -Reducing sugar |
Lactose
-disaccharide |
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Name the carbohydrate:
-"malt sugar" -Alpha 1,4 linkages |
Maltose
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Trioses are made of what?
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Monosaccharides
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Name the carbohydrate:
-plant storage -Alpha 1,4 linkages |
Starch
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Name the carbohydrate:
-animal storage -Alpha 1,4 linkages |
Glycogen
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Name the carbohydrate:
-indigestible dietary fiber -Beta 1,4 linkages |
Cellulose
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Name the carbohydrate:
-soluble, not digestibe |
Pectins
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What transports sugars from blood plasma to the cell environment?
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Insulin
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Where does the majority of carbohydrate digestion take place?
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small intestine via intestinal mucosa
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Name the 4 associated enzymes in carbohydrate digestion.
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1) maltase
2) amylase (salivary & pancreatic) 3) dextrinases (alpha 1,6) 4) sucrase |
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Where does absorption of carbohydrates take place?
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into the portal system
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Name the 5 B-Complex Vitamins.
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"The Person Fed Nine Geese"
TPP Pantothenic Acid FAD NAD GTP |
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How many ATP are produced in the process of Glycolysis?
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2
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How many ATP are produced in the HMP shunt?
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8
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How many ATP are produced in the Electron Transport Chain?
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3
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How many ATP are produced in the TCA (Kreb's) cycle?
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36
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Name the 3 types of metabolism.
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1) Intracellular
2) Anaerobic 3) Aerobic |
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Intracellular metabolism is termed?
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Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) shunt
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Name 2 AKA's for the HMP shunt.
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1) Phosphogluconate oxidative pathway
2) Pentose Shunt |
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What is the purpose of the HMP shunt?
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Produce reducing power
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What is the function of the HMP shunt?
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Converts 5 carbon sugars to 3 & 6 carbon sugars.
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What are the 3 products made from the HMP shunt?
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1) 15 Carbons
2) 2 NADPH 3) 8 ATP |
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A form of anaerobic metabolism is called?
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Glycolysis
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What is the AKA for Glycolysis?
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Embden-Myerfoff pathway
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What are the 2 products made from Glycolysis?
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1) 2 ATP
2) 2 Pyruvate |
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What is the efficiency of Glycolysis?
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30%
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Name the (-) modulator (allosteric site) of Glycolysis.
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ATP
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Name the (+) modulator (catalyst) of Glycolysis.
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AMP
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Name the oxidizing agent for Glycolysis.
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NAD
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Name the reducing agent for Glycolysis.
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NADH
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What is the allosteric enzyme for Glycolysis?
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PFK
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Which 2 agents have ATP producing ability in Glycolysis?
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1) 1,3 DPG
2) PEP |
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Name 2 pathways involved with Aerobic Metabolism.
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1) TCA Cycle
2) Electron Transport Chain |
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What is the overall reaction of the TCA cycle?
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CH3COOH + (2) H2O ---> (2) CO2 + (8) H+
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What produces ATP in the TCA cycle?
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1) NADH (mitochondria) = 3
2) NADH (cytoplasm) = 2 3) FADH2 (mitochondria = 2 4) GTP = 1 |
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Name the reducing agent in the TCA Cycle.
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Isocitrate
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Name the oxidizing agent in the TCA Cycle.
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NAD
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What are the 2 reducing coenzymes in the TCA Cycle?
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1) NADH2
2) FADH2 |
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What is the efficiency of the TCA Cycle?
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38%
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What is the function of the TCA cycle?
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Pyruvate oxidation
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What are the two allosteric enzymes in the TCA cycle?
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1) Isocitrate dehydrogenase
2) Citrate synthetase |
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In the pre-cycle stage of the TCA cycle, how many ATP are produced?
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12
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In the TCA cycle itself, how many ATP are produced?
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24 (2 cycles)
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What are the 3 end products of the pre-cycle stage of the TCA cycle?
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1) 2 pyruvate
2) 2 NADH (mito) 3) 2 NADH (cyto) |
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What are the 3 end products of the TCA cycle?
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1) 3 NADH (mito)
2) 1 FADH2 3) 1 GTP |
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What is the efficiency of the electron transport system?
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40%
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What are the 3 main functions of the electron transport chain?
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1) promote pyruvate entry into cytosol
2) promote phosphate & ADP into cytosol 3) promote exit of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation |
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Where in the cell does the Electron Transport System occur?
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Inner mitochondrial membrane
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Name the 6 redox enzymes involved in the electron transport chain.
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1) NAD, NADP
2) FAD, FMN 3) cytochromes 4) coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) |
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Name the redox enzyme of the electron transport chain:
-Nicotinamiode containing |
NAD
NADP |
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Name the redox enzyme of the electron transport chain:
-Riboflavin containing |
FAD
FMN |
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Name the redox enzyme of the electron transport chain:
-Electron transfer via oxidation state changes |
cytochromes
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Name the redox enzyme of the electron transport chain:
-"Shuttle" |
coenzyme Q
(ubiquinone) |
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Name 3 types of ketone bodies.
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1) Acetone
2) Acetoacetic acid 3) Beta-hydroxybutyric acid |
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Name the 3 Essential Fatty Acids.
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1) Linoleic acic
2) Linolenic acid 3) Arachidonic Acid |
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Which essential fatty acid synthesized prostaglandins?
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Arachidonic Acid
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In what 2 cases are ketone bodies elevated?
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1) Diabetes melllitus
2) starvation |
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What are the 4 functions of lipids?
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1) Energy source
2) Thermal insulation 3) Cell membrane structure 4) Secondary sex characteristics |
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What 3 things does Lipolysis yield?
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1) Acetyl CoA
2) NADH 3) FADH2 |
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Name the 7 Categories of Lipids.
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1) Fatty acids
2) Triglycerides (TAG) 3) Waxes 4) Sterols 5) Carotenes 6) Sphingolipids 7) Phospholipids |
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Name the lipid category:
-single carboxyl group with long, nonpolar hydrocarbon tail |
Fatty acid
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Name the lipid category:
-esters of glycerol (3 FA's + glycerol) -major component of storage fats |
Triglycerides
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Name the lipid category:
-esters of long chain fatty acids |
waxes
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Name the lipid category:
-nonsaponifiable lipids -ex: cholesterol |
Sterol
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Name the lipid category:
-membrane components |
Sphingolipids
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Name the lipid category:
-membrane lipids -emulsification |
Phospholipids
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Name the structure that transports lipids:
-triglyceride transport from the digestive tract |
Chylomicron
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Name the structure that transports lipids:
-transport from liver |
VLDV
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Name the structure that transports lipids:
-cholesterol "donor" |
LDL
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Name the structure that transports lipids:
-cholesterol "acceptor" |
HDL
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Site of Fatty Acid synthesis?
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Cytoplasm
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Site of Fatty Acid oxidation?
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Mitochondria
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Lipids dissolve in which 3 substances?
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1) Chloroform
2) Benzene 3) Ether |
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How is cholesterol synthesized?
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1) Acetyl CoA
2) HMG CoA 3) Mevalonate 4) Isoprene 5) Geranyl pyrophosphate 6) Squalene 7)Lanosterol 8) Cholesterol |
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What determines the function of a protein?
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The AMINE group
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Which elements do proteins contain?
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C,H,O,N
sometimes S or P |
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What do you call a chain of 50-100 amino acids?
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polypeptide
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End product of purine metabolism?
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Uric acid
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Product of nitrogen breakdown?
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Urea
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Enzymatic degradatinon of proteins is called?
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Putrefication
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Putrefication yields which 3 products?
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1) mercaptens
2) hydrogen sulfide 3) ammonia |
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Proteins are bonded together via _________ ________.
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Peptide linkages
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Name the 4 types of proteins.
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1) simple
2) conjugated 3) globular 4) fibrous |
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Name the type of protein:
-amino acids only |
Simple
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Name the type of protein:
-amino acids + an organic compound -ex: hemoglobin |
Conjugated
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Name the type of protein:
-water soluble -ex: enzyme |
Globular
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Name the type of protein:
-water INsoluble -ex: connective tissue & collagen |
Fibrous
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What is the function of the Urea cycle?
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elimination of ammonium ions
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-glycolysis -TCA cycle (TPP) -Aldehyde transfer (coenzyme) |
B1
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-TCA cycle -ETS (FMN, FAD) -coenzyme -fat metabolism |
B2
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-Glycolysis -TCA cycle (NAD) -ETS |
B3
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-protein metabolism |
B6
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Name the vitamin involve in:
-nucleic acid synthesis |
B9
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-folate metabolism -contains cobalt -hydrogen shifts |
B12
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-visual cycle |
Vitamin A
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-antioxidant |
Vitamin E
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-glycolysis -fat synthesis & metabolism |
Biotin
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-TCA cycle -fat synthesis & metabolism |
Pantothenic acid
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Name the vitamin involved in:
-hydroxylation of proline |
Vitamin C
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Name the vitamin involve in:
-carboxylation |
Vitamin K
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Which vitamins are involved in the process of glycolysis?
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B1
B3 Biotin |
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Which vitamins are involved in the TCA cycle?
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B1
B2 B3 Pantothenic acid |
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Which vitamins are involve in the Electron transport chain?
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B2
B3 |
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Name the mineral involved:
-protein metabolism -hormone synthesis -iron utilization |
Copper
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Name the mineral involved:
-enzyme function -carbohydrate metabolism |
Manganese
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Name the mineral involved:
-ATP component |
Phosphorous
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Name the mineral involved:
-acid-base balance |
Sulfur
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Name the minerals involved:
-enzymatic function |
manganese
molybdenum zinc |
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Name the biological function of:
-Enzymes |
catalyze reaction
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Name the biological function of:
-transport proteins |
enzymes
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Name the biological function of:
-nutrition |
metabolism
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Name the biological function of:
-antibodies |
defense
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Name the biological function of:
-actin/myosin |
contracility
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Name the biological function of:
-hormones |
Regulation
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Name the type of amino acid:
-amino acid complement -animal proteins -all essentials |
Complete
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Name the type of amino acid:
-veggie proteins (missing essentials) |
Incomplete
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Name the 10 Essential Amino Acids/
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"PVT TIM HALL"
Phenylalanine Valine Tryptophan Threonine Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arganine Leucine Lycine |
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Name the type of amino acid:
-citrulline -ornithine -creatine -carnitine |
Nonpeptide
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Which amino acids are NONPOLAR?
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Alanine
Valine Leucine |
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Which amino acids are AROMATIC?
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Phenylalanine
Tryptophan Threonine |
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Which amino acids are NONPEPTIDE?
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Citruline
Ornithine Creatinine Carnitine |
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Name the sulfur containing amino acids.
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Methionine
Cystein |
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What type of amino acids yield acid-base function groups?
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Polar charged amino acids
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What are the 2 types of protein structures?
|
1) Fibrous
-Primary -Secondary 2) Globular -Tertiary -Quarternary |
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What type of bonds do primary fibrous proteins contain?
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Covalent
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What type of bonds do secondary fibrous proteins contain?
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Hydrogen (alpha helix)
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What type of bonds do tertiary globular proteins contain?
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Hydrogen & Covalent
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What is the definition of a Biological Value (BV)?
|
nitrogen retained
------------------------ nitrogen absorbed |
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What is the best source of protein with a biological value of 100?
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Egg whites
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Sources of Protein?
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-dairy products
-meat -fish -cow's milk -rice -peanut butter |
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What is the function of an enzyme?
|
Lowers the activation energy.
Does not change the structure. |
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Which 2 conditions have an enzymatic incompatability?
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1) PKU
2) Fructose intolerance |
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The concentration of the specific substrate at which a given enzyme yields 1/2 its maximum velocity is termed?
|
Michaelis-Menton Constant (Km)
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As Km ________, affinity _______.
|
As Km increases, affinity decreases.
|
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How does temperature affect an enzymes function?
|
Increasing the temperature decreases the enzyme reaction time.
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How does pH affect an enzyme?
|
Optimum pH for proton-donating or proton-accepting
|
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How are enzymes classified?
|
Classified on the basis of the reaction they catalyze.
|
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How is competitive inhibition of an enzyme reversed?
|
by increasing substrate concentration
|
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What occurs in competitive inhibition of an enzyme?
|
binds to the active site, but cannot be transformed by enzyme
|
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What occurs in noncompetitive inhibition of an enzyme?
|
-binds to site on enzyme other than the substrate binding site
-alters the conformation of the enzyme -Reversible |
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What is an organic cofactor required for action of certain enzymes called?
|
Coenzyme
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What is the function of a hormone?
|
Chemical messengers for tissue activity regulation
|
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Name 4 characteristics of hormones.
|
1) precursors
2) short-lived 3) exist in low concentrations 4) bind to specific receptors in target cells |
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Name the 3 types of hormone classifications.
|
1) peptide
2) amine 3) steroid |
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Hypothalamus and pituitary hormones are what type of hormone?
|
Peptide
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Androgens and estrogens are what type of hormone?
|
Steroid
-fat soluble |
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What type of hormones are water soluble with amino groups?
|
Amines
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Name the hormone:
-stimulates sodium secretion |
Aldosterone
|
|
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Name the hormone:
-inhibits calcium and phosphorous reabsorption in kidneys -stimulates bone deposition |
Calcitonin
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|
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Name the hormone:
-stimulates gluconeogenesis -inhibits inflammatory responses |
Cortisol
|
|
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Name the hormone:
-intracellular messenger activating a lipase |
Cyclic AMP
|
|
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Name the hormone:
-increases blood sugar -stimulates glycogenolysis -releases fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis) -ATP conversion into cAMP |
Epinephrine
|
|
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Name the hormones:
-increases blood sugar -glycogen breakdown to blood glucose (glycogenolysis) -release of fatty acids from adipose tissue (lipolysis) |
Glucagon
|
|
|
Name the hormone:
-protein synthesis (anabolism) -fat catabolism and fatty acid release from adipose tissue |
Growth Hormone
|
|
|
Name the hormone:
-promotes lipolysis and ketogenesis -promotes gluconeogenesis |
Hydrocortisone
|
|
|
Name the hormone:
-decreases blood sugar -pancreatic hormone (secreted by beta cells from Islets of Langerhan) -lipid breakdown -increases glycogen, fatty acids, triglyceride, and protein synthesis -decreases cAMP levels -glucose transport |
Insulin
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|
Name the hormone:
-stimulates calcium reabsorption and inhibits phosphate reabsorption in kidneys -stimulates bone resorption |
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
|
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Name the hormone:
-regulates insulin secretion |
Somatostatin
|
|
|
Name the hormone:
-regulates cell respiration rate -contributes to proper development and growth |
Thyroxine
|
|
|
Name the hormone:
-blood thinners (increase clotting time) -affect the platelets |
Prostaglandins
|
|
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Where does transcription take place?
|
Nucleus
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Where does translation take place?
|
Cytoplasm
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The synthesis of DNA to RNA is?
|
transcription
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The synthesis of RNA to Protein is?
|
translation
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Where is DNA located?
|
Nucleus
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Function of DNA?
|
genetic information storage
|
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Name the type of RNA:
-translation |
Messenger (mRNA)
|
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Name the type of RNA:
-ribosomal structure and function |
Ribosomal (rRNA)
|
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Name the type of RNA:
-combines with mRNA to form anticodon |
Transfer (tRNA)
|
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65% of RNA is which type of RNA?
|
Ribosomal (rRNA)
|
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Name the DNA purines.
|
1) Adenine
2) Guanine |
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Name the DNA pyrimidines.
|
1) Cytosine
2) Thymine |
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Name the RNA purines.
|
1) Adenine
2) Guanine |
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Name the RNA pyrimidines.
|
1) Cytosine
2) Uracil |
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Nucleic Acid DNA-DNA matching?
|
G-C
A-T |
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Nucleic Acid DNA-RNA matching?
|
G-C
A-U T-A |
|
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What 3 things are synthesized in the Golgi Apparatus?
|
1) Glycolipids
2) Glycoproteins 3) Lipoproteins |
|
|
What 5 intracellular events occur within the mitochondrial MATRIX?
|
"PUTt GolF in the matrix"
Pyruvate dehydrogenase syst. Urea cycle (portion) TCA Gluconeogenesis (portion) Fatty Acid oxidation |
|
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What 6 intracellular events occur within the cytosol of a cell?
|
Fatty acid synthesis
Glycoysis Gluconeogenesis (portion) HMP Shunt Protein Synthesis Urea cycle (portion) |
|
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What intracellular event occurs within the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
|
Electron Transport Chain
-primarily impermeable |
