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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Settle to the bottom of the test tube and make up approximately 45% of whole blood
_ settle next followed by _ |
RBC
White blood cells Thrombocytes |
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The layer of leukocytes and thrombocytes together is called _ and makes up 1% of whole blood
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Buffy coat
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Makes up 54 % of whole blood
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Plasma
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Plasma consists of 90% _ and 10%
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90% water and 10% dissolved substances - proteins, nutrients, metabolites, ions and electrolytes
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Difference between plasma and serum
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If blood is allowed to clot what is left is serum
If blood is treated with antiocoagulant what is left is plasma |
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Smallest of the formed elements of blood
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Thrombocytes
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Largest of the formed elements of blood
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Monocyte
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Volume of formed elements of blood is measured in _
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Femtoliters (10^ -15 L)
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The weight of the contents of the blood cells is expressed in _
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Picograms
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Stable parameter in determning RBC disorders
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MCV
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Normal MCV
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80-95 fL
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Normal MCH
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26-34 pg
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Formula for MCV
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HCT/ RBC count
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Formula for MCH
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Hb/ RBC count
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Formula for MCHC
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Hb/Hct
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Low hematocrit can indicate _
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Anemia
Hemorrhage (blood loss) BM failure Hemolysis Malnutrition RA |
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High hematocrit can indicate
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Dehydration
Erythrocytosis Polycythemia vera |
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What is considered tobe isotonic solution
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Plasma or 0.85% NaCl
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The routine peripheral blood smear is stained with _
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Polychrome stain (Romanowsky stain) such as Wright Giemsa
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Precursor cells need two things for hematopoiesis _
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Cytokines and EPO (erythropoietin)
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BM biopsy shows fat cells replacing precursor cells - what is wrong
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Aplastic anemia
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The average adult body contains _ L of blood
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6 liters of blood
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What makes plasma cloudy giving it straw color
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Fibrinogen
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Half life of RBC
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60 days
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Two closely linked pathways are responsible for glycolysis within mature erythrocyte
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Embden Myerhof pathway - 90%
Hexose monophosphate shunt - 10% |
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Pyruvate kinase defficiency - which glycolytic pathway involved
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Embden Meyerhof
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G6PD dehydrogenase defficiency - which glycolytic pathway involved
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Hexose monophosphate shunt
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Hemolytic disorder due to unstable hemoglobin - which glycolytic pathway involved
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Methemoglobin reductase
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2,3 BPG - which glycolytic pathway involved
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Rapport Leubering
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Variation in size
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Anisocytosis
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Variation in shape
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Poikilocytosis
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RBC's are stacked together in long chains - this is called _
Why does this happen |
Rouleaux formation
Increased serum proteins - fibrinogen and globulin |
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Key structural proteins in RBC cytoskeleton
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Spectrin
Ankyrin Band 3 |
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Defficiency of iron what type of anemia
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Microcytic low MCV
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B12 and folic acid defficiency - what type of anemia
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Macrocytic, high MCV
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Most common anemia in US
Most common cause |
Fe defficiency
Cause - bleeding |
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This type of anemia stems from vit B 12 defficiency due to inability to absorb it from intestinal track
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Pernicious or megaloblastic anemia
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Folate defficiency anemia - what type
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Megaloblastic
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Which drugs can cause hemolytic anemia
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Sulfa drugs
Phenytoin |
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An enzyme defficiency of RBC which can cause hemolytic anemia
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G6PD defficiency
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The abnormal hemoglobin is prone to crystaliization when oxygen tension is low - which disease
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Sickle cell
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Howell Jolly bodies are round purple staining nuclear fragments of DNA in RBC - which disease
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Hemolytic anemia, following splenectomy or in cases of splenic atrophy (sickle cell anemia, trauma of spleen, cancer, etc)
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Multiple Howell Jolly bodies may be observed in case of _
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Megaloblastic anemia
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Heinz bodies are observed in _
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G6PD defficiency
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Bodies consisting of denatured Hb, disease
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Heinz bodies - G6PD defficiency
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Bodies that are remnants of the nucleus that should have been removed by spleen
Disease? |
Howell Jolly bodies
Hemolytic anemia - sickle cell, trauma, cancer |
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The appearance of poikilocytosis, anisocytosis and RBC inclusions suggests that _
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Spleen is not present
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Group of anemias due to defects in the genes producing hemoglobin, most often in people of what origin?
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Thalassemia - people of Meditteranean origin
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Two main types of thalassemia - which chromosome involved
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Alpha- chromosome 16
Beta - chromosome 11 |
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If alpha trait of thalassemia inherited from both parents it results in _
If beta trait of thalassemia inherited from both parents it results in _ |
Death - common in Southeast Asia
Eventually fatal condition called Cooley's anemia (homozygous beta thalassemia) - meditteranean population |
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Rare disease in which BM doesnt function normally limiting the production of all blood cells including WBC and platelets
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Aplastic anemia
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Anemias associated with chronic disease
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RA
TB Cancer Chronic kidney disease |
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Drug that can cause aplastic anemia
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Chloramphenicol
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Blood smear shows smaller than normal RBC with increased zone of central pallor - what does patient have, there is also poikilocytosis and anisocytosis
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Fe defficiency anemia- hypochromic microcytic anemia
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Byproduct of Hb, accumulation leads to jaundice
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Billirubin
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Increased LDH levels are indicative of _
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Hemolysis
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Normocytic normochromic anemia - what is most common cause -
Other causes |
ACUTE BLOOD LOSS
Marrow damage renal disease inflammation early iron defficiency Hemorrhagic/hemolytic anemias |
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Microcytic hypochromic anemia - there is defect in _
3 causes |
Defect in nuclear maturation
Causes - Fe defficiency, Thalassemia, Hereditary sideroblastic anemia |
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Sideroblastic anemia is a disorder of _
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Porphyrin
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Thalassemia - disorder of _
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Globin
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Rare enzyme disorder in which body has adequate amount of Fe but is unable to incorporate it into Hb, iron accumulates in mitochondria and Hb production is defective
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Sideroblastic anemia
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Blood smear is stained with Prussian blue and you observe ringed cells - disease?
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Sideroblastic anemia
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3 categories of sideroblastic anemia
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Inherited
Acquired idiopathic |
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Sideroblastic anemia can be induced by _
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Alcohol, lead poisoning and drugs
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Causes of macrocytic anemia (5)
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Vit B12 defficiency - megaloblastic
Folic acid defficienc Intrinsic marrow disease Liver disease Chemotherapy |
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What type of anemia do you see hypersegmented neutrophils in
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Disorders of nuclear maturation - megaloblastic anemia
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Atypical white blood cells (mono cells) on blood smear - disease?
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Infectious mono Epstein Barr
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Causes of acute leukemia
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Ionizing radiation
Benzene Down syndrome Myeloproliferative diseases Chemotherapy |
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Acute leuekmia which occurs primarily in adults
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Acute myeloid leukemia
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Acute leukemia occurs in children
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia
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M1 AML
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Undifferentiated
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M2 AML
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Myeloblastic
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M3 AML
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Promyelocytic
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M4 AML
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Myelomonocytic
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M5 AML
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Monocytic
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M6 AML
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Erythroleukemic
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M7 AML
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Megakaryocytic
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Most frequently occuring form of ALL
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L1
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ALL type that occurs more frequently in adults
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L2
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Burkitts lymphoma type of ALL
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L3
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Philadelphia chromosome is characteristic of what type of leukemia
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Chronic myelocytic leukemia
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Blood smear shows leukemic promyelocytes with multiple AUER RODS and CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS
What type of leukemia |
M3 Acute promyelocytic leukemia
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_ stain useful in identifying myeloid blasts
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Myeloperoxidase
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Leukocytosis is characteristic of what type of leukemia
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Chronic
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You see smudge or basket cells on blood smear - what type of leukemia
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Chronic lymphocytic
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