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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Human movement system |
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal system |
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Human Movement is accomplished through the functional integration of what systems within the human body? |
The nervous, skeletal and muscular systems - the nerves, muscles and joints work together to produce kinetic (or human) movement |
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What is the nervous system? |
one of the main organ systems of the body and consists of a network of specialized cells called neurons that transmit and coordinate signals, providing a communication network within the human body. |
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What are the primary functions for the nervous system? |
- Sensory Function - Integrative Function - Motor Function |
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The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment (such as a stretch placed on a muscle [internal]) or change from walking on the sidewalk to walking on sand (external) is ______? |
The sensory function |
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Describe the integrative function |
the ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces an appropriate response. |
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Describe motor function |
the neuromuscular (or nervous and muscular systems) response to the sensory information, such as causing a muscle to contract when stretched to far, or changing one's walking pattern when walking in the sand as opposed to the sidewalk. |
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What is the nervous system responsible for? |
- recruitment of muscles - learned patterns of movement - the functioning of every organ in the human body |
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What is proprioception? |
the body's ability to sense the relative position of adjacent parts of the body. (p.18) |
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Why is it important to train the body's proprioceptive abilities? |
to improve balance, coordination, posture and enable the body to adapt to its surrounding without consciously thinking about what movement is most appropriate for any given situation. |
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Why is it important to train the nervous system |
to ensure that proper movement patters are being developed, which enhances performance and decreases the risk of injury. |
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What is a neuron? |
The functional unit of the nervous system which provides the ability to communcate internally with itself as well as externally with the outside environment. - specialized cell that processes and transmits information through both electrical and chemical signals - form the core of the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia. |
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What are the parts of a neuron? |
- cell body (or soma) - axon - dendrites |
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Describe the cell body |
the cell body, or soma, contains a nucleus and other organelles, including lysosomes, mitochondria, and a Golgi complex. |
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Describe the axon |
a cylindrical projection from the cell body that transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites (muscles, organs). - the part of the neuron that provides communication from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body. |
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What is the function of dendrites? |
to gather information from other structures and transmit it back into the neuron |
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What are the functional classifications of neurons and how are they determined? |
- Sensory (afferent) neurons: respond to touch, sound, light, and other stimuli and transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) to the brain and spinal cord. - Interneurons: transmit nerve impulses from on neuron to another - Motor (efferent neurons): transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the effector sites such as muscles or glands |
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What are the interdependent divisions of the nervous systems |
- central nervous system (CNS): consist of the brain and the spinal cord and its primary function is to coordinate the activity of all the parts of the body. - peripheral neverous system (PNS): consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body and the external environment. - the nerves of the PNS are how the CNS recieves sensory inputs and initiates responses. |
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What are the parts of the PNS? |
- 12 cranial nerves - 31 pair of spinal nerves (which branch out from the brain and spinal cord) and sensory receptors |
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What are the functions of peripheral nerves? |
- they provide a connection for the nervous system to activate different effector sites such as muscles (motor function) - peripheral nerves relay information from the effector sites back to the brain via sensory receptors (sensory function), thus providing a constant update on the relation between the body and the environment. |
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what are two subdivisions of the PNS? |
somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
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describe the somatic nervous system |
consists of nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement. |
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describe the autonomic system |
supplies neural imprint to the involuntary systems of the body (e.g. heart, digestive systems, and endocrine glands) |
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The autonomic system is further divided into what systems? |
- sympathetic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system - both systems serve to increase levels of activation in preparation for activity (sympathetic) or serve to decrease levels of activation during rest and recovery (parasympathetic) |
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Describe sensory receptors |
specialized structures located throughout the body that convert environmental stimuli (heat, light, sound, taste, motion) into sensory information that the brain and spinal cord use to produce response. |
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What are the categories of sensory receptors |
- mechanoreceptors: respond to mechanical forces (touch and pressure) - nociceptors: respond to pain (pain receptors) - chemoreceptors: respond to chemical interaction (smell and taste) - photoreceptors: respond to light (vision) |
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Describe mechanoreceptors |
specialized structures that respond to mechanical pressure within tissue and then transmit signals through sensory nerves. - respond to outside force such as touch, pressure, stretching, sound waves, and motion and transmit impulses through sensory nerves which in turn enable us to detect touch, sounds, and the motion of the body and to monitor the position of our muscles, bones and joints (proprioception) |
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Where are mechanoreceptors located? |
in muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules and include muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors |
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Describe muscle spindles |
sensory receptors within muscles that run parallel to the muscle fibers and are sensitive to change in muscle length and rate of length change. - when a specific muscle is stretched the spindles within that muscle are also stretched, which in turn conveys information about its length to the CNS via sensory neurons. |
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Describe the stretch reflex |
muscle spindles help in regulating the contraction of muscles via the stretch reflex mechanism. - when a muscle spindle is stretched, an impulse is immediately sent to the spinal cord and a response to contract the muscle is received within 1 to 2 milliseconds. the rapid neural response is designed to as a protective mechanism to prevent overstretching and muscle damage |
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describe Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) |
-specialized sensory receptors located at the point where the skeletal muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle. -sensitive to changes in muscle tension and rate of the tension change -activation of the GTO will cause the muscle to relax, which prevents the muscle from excessive stress or injury |
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Describe joint receptors |
-located in and around the joint capsule -respond to pressure acceleration and deceleration of the joint. -act to signal extreme joint positions and thus help to prevent injury. - can act to initiate a reflexive inhibitory response in the surrounding muscle if there is too much stress placed on that joint. -examples are Ruffini endings/Pacinian corpuscles |
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The three systems responsible for human movement are also referred to as the _____? |
Kinetic chain |
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Human movement is accomplished through the functional integration a what systems within the human body? |
the nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems |
