Nasm - Ch 2 - Basic Exercise Science

Front 1

Human movement system

Back 1

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems

Front 2

Nervous system

Back 2

A conglomeration of billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the body

Front 3

Sensory function

Back 3

The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either internal or external environment

Front 4

Integrative function

Back 4

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response

Front 5

Motor function

Back 5

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information

Front 6

Proprioception

Back 6

Coordination

Front 7

Neuron

Back 7

The functional unit of the nervous system

Front 8

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Back 8

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

Front 9

Interneurons

Back 9

Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.

Front 10

Motor (efferent) neurons

Back 10

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites

Front 11

Central nervous system (CNS)

Back 11

Brain and spinal cord

Front 12

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Back 12

Nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

Front 13

Mechanoreceptors

Back 13

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

Front 14

Muscle spindles

Back 14

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of change

Front 15

Golgi tendon organs

Back 15

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of change

Front 16

Joint receptors

Back 16

Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of a joint.

Front 17

Skeletal system

Back 17

The body's framework composed of bones and joints

Front 18

Bones

Back 18

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

Front 19

Joints

Back 19

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation.

Front 20

Axial skeleton

Back 20

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vetebral column

Front 21

Appendicular skeleton

Back 21

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities

Front 22

Remodeling

Back 22

The process of resorption and formulation of bone

Front 23

Osteoclasts

Back 23

A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue

Front 24

Osteoblasts

Back 24

A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

Front 25

Epiphysis

Back 25

The end of the long bone, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. Primary sites for bone growth.

Front 26

Diphysis

Back 26

The shaft portion o the long bone

Front 27

Epiphyseal plate

Back 27

The region of the long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing catiaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

Front 28

Periosteum

Back 28

A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone

Front 29

Medullar cavity

Back 29

The central cavity of the bone shafts where marrow is stored

Front 30

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Back 30

Cartilage that covers the ends of articulating bones

Front 31

Depressions

Back 31

Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites

Front 32

Processes

Back 32

Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach

Front 33

Vertebral column

Back 33

A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord

Cervical Spine (C1-C7), Thoracic spine (T1-T12), Lumbar Spine (L1-L5), Sacrum, Coccyx

Front 34

Arthrokinematics

Back 34

Joint movement

Front 35

Synovial joints

Back 35

Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body

Front 36

Nonsynovial joints

Back 36

Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage.

EXAMPLE: Skull

Front 37

Ligaments

Back 37

Connects bone to bone. Made up of collagen and elastin.

Front 38

Tendon

Back 38

Connects muscle to bone

Front 39

Muscular System

Back 39

Series of muscles that move the skeleton

Front 40

Skeletal muscle

Back 40

Made up of individual muscle fibers

Front 41

Epimysium

Back 41

Layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle

Front 42

Perimysium

Back 42

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Front 43

Endomysium

Back 43

The deepest layer of connetive tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers

Front 44

Tendons

Back 44

Connect muscle to bone

Front 45

Sacromere

Back 45

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament)

Front 46

Neural activation

Back 46

The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

Front 47

Motor unit

Back 47

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 48

Neurotransmitters

Back 48

Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

Front 49

Sliding filament theory

Back 49

Describes how thick (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments within the sacromere slide past one another, shortening the entire lenght of the sacromere and thus shortening the muscle and producing force

Front 50

Muscle Fiber: Type I

Back 50

Slow twich.

Smaller in size, slow to fatigue, long term contractions (stabilization)

Front 51

Muscle Fiber: Type II

Back 51

Fast twitch.

Larger in size, more force produced, quick to fatigue, short term contractions (force and power)

Front 52

Agonist

Back 52

Muscles that act as prime movers. They are the muscle most responsible for a movement

Front 53

Synergist

Back 53

Assists the prime mover during movement.

Front 54

Stabilizer

Back 54

Support of stabilize the body in movement

Front 55

Antagonist

Back 55

Does the opposite action of the prime mover

Front 56

Endocrine System

Back 56

Secretes hormones into the blood stream

Front 57

Endocrine glands

Back 57

Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands

Pituitary = 'master gland'

Front 58

Insulin

Back 58

Regulates energy and glucose metabolism in the body

When you eat, glucose goes up. Insulin helps bring that down

Front 59

Glucagon

Back 59

Regulates blood glucose levels

Functions to raise glucose levels. After not eating for a while, glucose levels are low Glucagon helps raise it.

Front 60

Catecholamines

Back 60

Epinephrine and nonrepinephrine. Prep the body for activity. Flight or fight response

Increase HR and stroke volume, elevates blood glucose levels, redistributes blood to working tissues, opens airways

Front 61

Cortisol

Back 61

Under times of stress, cortisol is secreted to maintain energy supply through the breakdown of carbs fat and protein. High levels of cortisol from lack of sleep or overtraining, poor nutrition can lead to breakdown of muscle

Front 62

Growth hormone

Back 62

Increases the development of bone, muscle tissue, and protein sythesis; increases fat burning; strengthens the immune system

Front 63

Thyroid

Back 63

Hormones responsible for human metabolism