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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is blood composed of?
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55% Plasma
45% Formed Elements (cells) |
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What are the 3 types of Major Blood Cells?
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Erythrocytes (red blood cell or RBC's)
Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBC's) Platelets |
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Erythrocytes
(Red Blood cells/RBC's) |
Produced in red bone marrow
Salmon Colored biconcave disks; anucleate; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most organes have been ejected. Its function in to transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amounts of carbon dioxide. |
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Leukocytes
(White Blood Cells/WBC's) |
Produced in Red Bone Marrow
Appearance Varies Function is to defend body against disease |
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Platelets
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Produced in Red Bone Marrow
Apperance is essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple. Function is needed for normal blood clotting. |
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2 Types of Leukocytes
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Granulocytes
& Agranulocytes |
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Granulocytes
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Contains granules.
Classified into three types -Neutrophils -Eosinophils -Basophils |
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Neutrophils
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Active Phagocytes
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Eosinophils
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Exact Function not known
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Basophils
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Granules contain histamine which is discharged at sites of inflammation.
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Agranulocytes
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Lack granules; are classified into two types
-Lymphocytes -Monocytes |
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Lymphocytes
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Its function is part of the immune system; B lymphocytes produces antibodies; T lymphocytes are involved in graft rejection and activation of B lmphocytes
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Monocytes
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Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissue.
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What is the life span of red blood cells?
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100-120 days
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What are some major events in Blood Cell Formation
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-Lost cells are replaced by the division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow.
-The developing RBC's divide many times and then begin synthesizing huge amounts of hemoglobin. -When enough hemoglobin has accumulated, the nucleus and most organelles are ejected and the cell collapses inward; the rsult is the young RBC, called a reticulocyte. -The reticulocytes enter the bloodstream to begin their task of transporting oxygen; within two days of release, they become fully functional erythrocytes. -The rate of RBC's production is controlled by a hormone called erythroprotin, mainly produced in the kidneys. -When blood levels of oxygen begin to decline for any reason, they kidneys increase their release of erythropoitin. -Erythropoitin targes the bone marrow, stimulating it to produce more RBC's. |
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3 Events in Hemostasis or Stoppage of Blood Flow
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-Platelet Plug Formation
-Blood Vessel Spasm -Blood Coagulation (Blood Clotting) |
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Platelet Plug Formation
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Platelets are repelled by an intact endothelium, but when it is broken so that the underlying collagen fibers are exposed, the platelets become "sticky" and cling to the damaged site. Anchored platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets to the site, and as more and more platelets pile up, a small mass called a platelet plug (White thrombus) is formid.
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Blood Vessel Spasm
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Once anchored, the platelets release serotonin, which causes the blood vessel to undergo spasms. The spasms narrow the blood vessel at that point, decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur.
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Blood Coagulation
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-Thromboplastin is released by damaged cells
-PF3, a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of platelets, interacts with thromboplastin, other blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to form a prothrombin activator that triggers the clotting cascade. -Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin, present in the plasma, to an enzyme called thrombin. -Thrombin then joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long hairlke molecules of insoluble fibrin, which forms a meshwork that traps the red blood cells and forms the basis of the clot that seals the injured vessel until the wound heals by regeneration. |
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What are the ABO Blood Groups?
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-AB
-B -A -O |
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AB
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Has A and B antigens in red blood cells
Has no plasma antibodies Donors include, A. B. AB and O (Universal Donor) |
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B
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Has B antigens in red blood cells
Plasma Antibodies include Anti-A Donors can be B and O |
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A
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Has A antigens in red blood cells
Plasma Antibodies include Anti-B Donors include A and O |
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O
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Has no antigens in red blood cells
Plasma Antibodies include Anti-A nd Anti-B Donors include O (Universal Donor) |
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Blood Typing
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When serum containing anti-A and anti-B antiboddies is added to a blood sample diluted with saline, agglutination (clumping of red blood cells) will occur between the antibody and the corresponding antigen
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Blood types that Agglutination in Anti-A Serum
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A and AB
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Blood types that Agglutination in Anti-B Serum
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B and AB
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Events that occur in a Transfusion Reaction
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-One person's red blood cell proteins will be recognized as foreign if transfused into another perosn with different red blood cell antigens
-Binding of the recipient's antibodies for the specific antigens in the donor's blood that are foreign (different) causes th4e red blood cells to clump; this clumping leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body. -The foreign red blood cells are lysed and their hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream. -The transfused blood is unable to deliver oxygen and some tissue areas may be deprived of oxygen; in some severe reaction the freed hemoglobin molecules may block the kidney tubules and cause kidney failure. |