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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the pad of fatty tissue covering the pubic bone, visible as a hair-covered triangular area on the lower abdomen?
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the mons veneris or mons pubis 162
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What is the term referring collectively to the labia (minora and majora), the shaft and glans of the clitoris and the openings of the urethra and yoni?
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the vulva 162
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The ___ extends from the pubic bone to the point in front of the anal opening.
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vulva 162
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What is the delicate, semicircular, membranous tissue formed by the labia minora as they merge at the lower border of the mouth of the yoni?
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the fourchette 163
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What is the space extending from below the clitoral hood and the inside of the labia minora down to the fourchette of the yoni?
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the vestibule 163
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What is the name of the two tiny ducts that lie either just inside or outside the urethral meatus at about 4 and 8 o'clock?
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Skene's ducts 165
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The vagina is a circular, muscular, normally collapsed, ___-shaped passage.
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H-shaped passage - most obvious after a woman has just given birth 165
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What is the pouch of Douglas?
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the lowermost area of the abdominal cavity 166
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Where is the vaginal vault?
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in the upper third of the vagina into which the cervix protrudes; the fornices 166
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How deep is vaginal mucosa?
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1cm deep 166
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Vaginal pH is lower at what point in the menstrual cycle?
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midcycle 166
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What are the two pea-sized glands located on either side of the vagina, at 4 and 8 o'clock?
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Bartholin's glands 167
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How far into the vagina is the hymenal ring?
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0.5 to 2 cm 167
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How big are the ovaries?
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about the size of unshelled almonds 170
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How big is the nonpregnant uterus?
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3 inches long, 2 inches wide and 1 inch thick 171
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What are the three main regions of the uterus?
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the fundus, the body and the cervix 172
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Which three hormones does the corpus luteum produce?
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estrogen, progesterone and relaxin 171
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During the menstrual years, the ovary contains a ___, which is a fluid-filled swelling containing an immature ovum and the surrounding tissues.
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ovarian or Graafian follicle 170
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What is the name of the glandular body that develops from a ruptured ovarian follicle after the ovum is release?
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corpus luteum 170
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In the majority of women the uterus is flexed ____.
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forward 172
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When the uterus is flexed forward, this is called ____
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anteflexion 172
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When the uterus is anteflexed, at what angle does the cervix enter the vagina?
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at a 90 degree angle 172
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With an anteflexed uterus, the cervix enters the vagina pointing ____ toward the sacrum.
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downward 172
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Which ligaments attach the uterus to either side of the pelvic cavity?
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the broad ligaments 172
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Which ligaments attach the uterus to the sacrum on either side of the rectum?
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the uterosacral ligaments 172
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What is the name of the bands of fibrous connective tissue between the layers of the broad ligaments?
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the round ligaments 172
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Name the three layers of uterine tissue from outside in:
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perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium 172
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The innermost layer of the endometrium, the ____ is shed during menstruation.
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stratum functionalis 172
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The menstrual cycle consist of a series of changes in the ____ of a nonpregnant woman.
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endometrium 173
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The ___ is a monthly series of events which leads to the maturation and release of an ovum.
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the ovarian cycle 173
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Which hormone controls the menstrual cycle and the changes of puberty?
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gonadotropin releasing factor (GnRF) 173
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Where is GnRF (gonadotropin releasing factor) made?
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in the hypothalamus 173
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What does GnRF stand for?
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gonadotropin releasing factor 173
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Gonadotropin releasing factor stimulates the release of which two hormones?
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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) 173
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Where is luteinizing hormone made?
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anterior pituitary 173
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Where is follicle stimulating hormone produced?
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in the anterior pituitary 173
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What does FSH stand for?
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follicle stimulating hormone 173
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What does LH stand for?
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luteinizing hormone 173
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What does follicle stimulating hormone do?
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Stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles and the secretion of estrogen by the follicles 173
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What does luteinizing hormone do?
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Stimulates the further development of the ovarian follicles (after follicle stimulating hormone), brings about ovulation and stimulates the production of estrogens, progesterone and relaxin by ovarian cells 173
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What are the three main functions of the growth hormone estrogen?
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1) development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics (body hair, fat distributions to breasts, abdomen, mons pubis and hips, voice pitch, broad pelvis)
2) control of fluid and electrolyte balance 3) increase of protein anabolism 174 |
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Which three estrogens are present in female plasma in significant quantities?
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beta-estradiol, estrone and estriol 174
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Of the three significant estrogens, which exerts the major effect?
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beta-estradiol 174
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What are the two functions of the hormone relaxin?
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1) to relax the ligaments and other connective tissues in the body to open and facilitate birth
2) to increase sperm motility 174 |
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High levels of ____ inhibit gonadotropin releasing factor and prolactin.
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progesterone 174
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How long does the menstrual cycle last?
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24-35 days 174
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What are the three phases of menstruation?
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1) menstruation
2) preovulatory phase 3) postovulatory phase 174 |
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Menstruation is caused by a sudden reduction in ___ and ___ when fertilization has not occurred.
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estrogens and progesterone 174
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The average woman loses how much fluid during menstruation?
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2/3 to 2 oz 174
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Menstruation consists of a shedding of the endometrial lining, which consists of ...
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tissue fluid, blood, mucus and epithelial cells 174
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A ___ is a spherical area in the cortex of the ovary containing an oocyte.
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follicle 174
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How many follicles does each ovary contain?
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200,000 174
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The ____ phase covers the time between menstruation and ovulation.
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the preovulatory phase 174
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What is the name of the first part of the menstrual cycle?
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menstruation 174
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What is the name of the second part of the menstrual cycle?
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preovulation 174
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What is the name of the third part of the menstrual cycle?
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postovulation 174
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The menstruation phase of the menstrual cycle usually lasts from about day ___ to day ___.
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day 1 to 5 174
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The preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle usually lasts from days ___ to ___ in a 28 day cycle.
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days 6 to 13 174
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Which phase of the menstrual cycle has the most variation in length?
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the preovulatory phase 174
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During the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, ___ and ___ stimulate the ovarian follicles to produce estrogens which stimulate the endometrium to thicken.
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follicle stimulate hormone and luteinizing hormone 176
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During the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle, estrogens stimulate the endometrium to thicken to a depth of ____
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4-6 mm 176
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Because of the proliferation of tissue and the increase in estrogen production by the follicles, the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle is also referred to as the ____ phase or ____ phase.
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proliferative phase or follicular phase 176
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The ____ phase is the most consistent in duration of the menstrual cycle.
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postovulatory phase 176
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The postovulatory phase covers days ___ to ___ of a 28 day cycle.
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15 to 28 page 176
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The postovulatory phase typically covers the __ to __ days prior to the onset of bleeding, regardless of the length of the preovulatory phase.
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14 to 15 days prior to the onset of bleeding 176
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The ___ phase of the menstrual cycle covers the period between ovulation and onset of bleeding.
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postovulatory phase 176
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In the preovulatory phase, the anterior pituitary releases a surge of luteinizing hormone, which leads to the rupture of the vesicular follicle, thus ____
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releasing the immature ovum 176
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Which hormone prepares the endometrium to receive the fertilized ovum?
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progesterone 176
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When does preparation of the endometrium to receive the fertilized ovum peak?
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about one week after ovulation, which corresponds to the anticipated arrival of a fertilized ovum 176
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The the postovulatory phase, the level of FSH ___ and the level of LH ____.
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FSH increases and LH decreases 176
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At what point in the menstrual cycle do levels of progesterone begin to rise?
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at ovulation 176
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If fertilization and implantation occur, the corpus luteum is maintained for the first 3-4 months of pregnancy by a placental hormone called ___
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human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 176
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Once placental hormone production begins, the role of the ___ gradually diminishes and its work is replaced by hormones produced by the placenta.
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corpus luteum 176
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Each breast consists of ___ to __ lobes.
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15 to 20 lobes 177
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The amount of fat or adipose tissue surrounding and protecting the breast lobes determines ___
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the size of the breasts 177
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What three complications are associated with abnormalities of the female reproductive system?
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miscarriage, abnormal presentation and placental complications 178
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TRUE or FALSE: Most women with uterine abnormalities have normal fertility and can carry a pregnancy to term.
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TRUE 178
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The structures which become the mature uterus and vagina are referred to as ___ during embryologic development.
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Muellerian ducts 178
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There is no notably increased risk of pregnancy complications with uterus ____
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didelphys 179
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Bicornuate uterus is associated with an increased incidence of ___, ____ and ___.
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late second trimester miscarriage, premature labor and abnormal fetal position 180
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What is another name for vitamin B-1?
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Thiamine 211
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What is another name for vitamin B-2?
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Riboflavin 211
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What is another name for vitamin B-6?
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Pyridoxine 211
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Blackstrap molasses is a good source of which vitamins?
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B vitamins and vitamin K 211-12
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Fertilization occurs in the ___ of the uterine tube.
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ampulla 675
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What is the allantois, formed in the third week of gestation, involved in the formation of?
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blood cells and urinary bladder 678
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What gives brown fat its brown hue?
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the high mitochondria content 744
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What does the brown fat do?
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produces heat by oxidizing fatty acids 744
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What is vernix caseosa made of?
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secretion from fetal sebaceous glands and dead epidermal cells 744
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What is the function of vernix caseosa?
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protects the delicate skin from abrasions, chapping and hardening that could result from unprotected exposure to amniotic fluid 744
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What does lanugo help to hold on the skin?
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vernix 744
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Why is the skin of a baby born at 22-23 weeks gestation pink to red?
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the blood is visible in the capillaries because the skin is translucent 745
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The ______ in the walls of the lungs begin to secret surfactant around 24 weeks gestation.
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secretory epithelial cells 745
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What are the two most important abilities for the newborn to have in order to survive outside the uterus?
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ability to breathe and suck 790
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What is the average pH of the vagina?
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4.0, slightly acidic
166 |
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What can cause palmar erythema?
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venous and capillary engorgement, lupus, hyperthyroidism, liver disorders 1047
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Natural sources of vitamin A?
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apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, nectarines, papaya, peaches, pumpkin, sweet potato, yam, sour cherries, watermelon, winter squash
240 |
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Sour cherries are a natural source of...
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vitamin A
240 |
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Potatoes with skin are a good source of this vitamin.
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vitamin C 239
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Which vegetables are good sources of vitamin C?
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cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, bell pepper
239 |
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Women who supplement any B vitamins must be aware that..
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taking an isolated B vitamin can create deficiencies in the rest
223 |
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What is B6 used for?
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it's a coenzyme for protein metabolism, increased fetal growth requirement and also essential for the utilization of carbohydrates
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B6 helps the body release ___, which is stored glucose.
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glycogen
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B6 is required for the conversion of amino acids into _____ which regulate moods and brain chemistry.
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neurotransmitters
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Lack of which vitamin can affect a woman's emotional outlook.
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B6
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Supplementation of this vitamin can help reduce edema.
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B6
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B6 helps to regulate tissue fluids as well as aids in protein utilization, therefore, giving this vitamin can help relieve this common complaint of pregnancy...
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edema
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What 5 functions does vitamin B6 serve in the body?
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1) helps to metabolize protein
2) essential for utilization of carbohydrates 3) helps the body release glycogen (stored glucose) 4) required for conversion of amino acids into neurotransmitters (affecting mood and emotional outlook) 5) helps regulate tissue fluids 223 |
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Which type of iron causes the worst constipation and is hard on the liver and should never be prescribed?
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ferrous sulfate
224 |
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Natural sources for iron for those who don't eat liver:
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brewer's yeast, molasses, prune juice, dulse, kelp, clams, oysters, pumpkin seeds, wheat germ, tofu, amaranth, kidneys, sesame seeds 242
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Wheat germ is a good source of ...
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iron 242
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Amaranth is a good source of ...
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iron 242
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Brewer's yeast is a good source of this mineral...
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iron 242
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What are the functions of calcium in the body?
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fetal bone formation, strengthens bones and teeth, helps transmit nerve impulses, essential to normal blood clotting, maintains parathyroid function, balances blood pH and protects against the effects of lead and carcinogens
224 |
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99% of calcium in the body is stored in ___ and ___
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bones and teeth
224 |
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Research correlates breastfeeding with ultimately higher maternal...
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bone mass
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What is the most assimilable form of calcium?
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citrate maleate
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Natural sources of calcium?
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almonds, anchovies, bok choy, brazil nuts, brewer's yeast, broccoli, collard greens, dulse, eggs, fennel, kale, herring, kelp, molasses, muffins, mussels, mustard greens, okra, olives, oysters, pancakes (wheat), peanuts, pistachios, sardines,s hrimp, soybeans, sunflower seeds, waffles (wheat), walnust 240
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The pelvic outlet is shaped like a ____
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diamond 462
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What are the borders of the pelvic outlet?
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the pubic bone in front, ischial tuberosities on either side and the tip of the sacrum in back
462 |
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The diagonal conjugate extends from the ______ to the bottom border of the ____
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sacrococcygeal joint to the bottom of the symphysis pubis 475
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The diagonal conjugate should measure about ___ cm.
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11.5 page 475
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