Napolean, The Making Of The West

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Directory

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name for executive branch of new government

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Tadeusc Kosciuszko

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An officer who had been a foreign volunteer in the War of American Independence tried to lead a nationalist uprising.

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London Corresponding Society

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most important reform society who corresponded with Paris Jacobins Club and served as a center for reform agitation in England.

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Society of United Irishmen

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Catholics and Presbyterians

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Francois-Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture

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leader of St. Domingue slave uprising, former slave, black general who committed his troops to the French, appointed governor of St. Domingue

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William Wordsworth

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English romantic poet, who wrote poem about Toussaint after his arrest

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Bonaparte

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named commander of French army in Italy in 1796

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Horatio Nelson

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British admiral who destroyed French fleet while it was anchored in Aboukir Bay

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Rosetta stone

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slab of black basalt that enabled scholars to finally decipher the hieroglyphs used by ancient Egyptians

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consulate

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3-man executive after Directory abolished

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First Consul

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Bonaparte

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Joseph Fouche

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minister of police, a leading figure in the Terror of 1793-94, kept political dissidents under constant surveillance.

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Alexandre Berthier

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Napolean's chief of staff, who became minister of war

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Claude Berthollet

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chemist, who organized the scientific part of the expedition of Egypt, became vice president of the Senate in 1804.

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Joseph Bonaparte

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Napolean's older brother who he made ruler of the newly established kingdom of Naples in 1806, later named king of Spain

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Sanjaqs

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Provincial governors in the Ottoman Empire

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Mamluks

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Descendants of medieval slave-soldiers who enjoyed considerable political power until the French invasion.

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Eugene Beauharnais

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Napolean's stepson, 23 years old, viceroy of Italy

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Jerome Bonaparte

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brother of napolean, King of Westphalia, 1808

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Louis Bonaparte

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Napolean's younger brother, who he installed as king of Holland

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Josephine

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Napolean's first wife who bore him no children

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King and Queen of Naples, 1808

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Napolean's sister Caroline and brother-in-law General Murat

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Princess Marie Louise of Austria

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Napolean's second wife, 18 years old, gave birth to his son, who he gave the title "king of Rome"

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Germaine de Stael

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French writer, wrote novel 'Corinne' and 'On Germany'

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Francois-Rene' de Chateaubriand

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wrote 'Genius of Christianity' to draw attention to the power and mystery of faith

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Frederick William III

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Prussian king who abolished serfdom

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carbonari

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"charcoal burners" network of secret societies, got name from marking each new member's forehead with charcoal mark, played leading role in Italian nationalism.

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Joseph Bonaparte

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Napolean's brother who he got named king of Spain in place of senile Charles IV

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"100 days"

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period known for the length of time between Napolean's escape and his final defeat

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Sir Arthur Wellesley

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led Belgian, Dutch, German and British troops, duke of Wellington

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Thomas B. McCauley

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British politician, delivered speech to Parliament in support of bill for electoral reform

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Edmund Cartwright

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English Clergyman and inventor, designed a mechanized loom

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James Watt

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Scottish engineer who developed an improved steam engine.

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John Kay

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Englishman who patented the flying shuttle for a weaving machine making cloth production quicker

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4 trends in industrialization

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1. population increased > 50% in England
2. manfacturers introduced steam-driven machinery to increase output
3. established factories to concentrate labor of workers
4. the production of cotton goods, lighter and more versatile than woolens, increased ten-fold.

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"putting out" or "domestic" system

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manfuacturers supplied families with raw materials, such as woolen or cotton fibers. Working at home in dimly lit room, family labored together. Mother and children washed fibers and carded and combed them. Mother and oldest daughters spun them into thread. Father assisted by children wove the cloth. Cloth finished in a larger workshop under supervision of manufacturer.