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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pharmacology
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the study of the effects of drugs on the function of living organisms
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pharmacokinetics (four components)
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absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination
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pharmacodynamics
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mechanisms of drug action
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toxicology
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adverse effects of drugs
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What types of studies are needed before you can test a new drug in humans?
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-pre-clinical testing in animals and in vitro
-must indicate safety in two different animals (rats, primates) |
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Phase 1 trials
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-first round of human testing
-determines pharmacokinetics and safety -dosing range is determined |
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Phase 2 trials
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determines preliminary effectiveness, side effects
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IND Application
When does it occur? What must be included? |
Investigational New Drug
-occurs after animal pharmacology & toxicology preclinical studies -drug mechanism of action -drug activity related to proposed indication -evidence that the drug is safe for initial testing in humans |
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NDA Application
When does it occur? What must be included? |
New Drug Application
-occurs after additional animal studies and from human clinical trials (Phases 1,2,3) of the IND -evidence that the drug is both safe and effective in its proposed use(s) -evidence that drug benefits outweigh the risks |
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Name four protein targets of drug action
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receptors
carrier molecules enzymes ion channels |
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Name two/three non-protein targets of drug action
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DNA
Ions/Metals |
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Which drug target is the most common? What percentage of total binding sites does this target represent?
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Receptors
50% |
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endogenous
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arises from within (produced by the body)
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adrenergic receptors
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a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines (Epi and NorEpi)
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receptor
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families of cellular proteins whose normal function is to act as targets or binding sites for endogenous regulatory ligands
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What are the two types of receptors based on receptor location? Why do two types exist?
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Cell-Surface Receptors--allow hydrophilic molecules to bind
Intracellular Receptors--allow hydrophobic molecules to bind inside of cell |
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agonist
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alters conformation of a receptor and entices a response
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antagonist
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maintains status quo, biological system does not change
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carrier protein
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membrane protein that transports substances in or out of the cell
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PRO drugs
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drugs that must be activated in the body to have a given response (ex. L-Dopa is converted to Dopa after crossing the blood-brain barrier)
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Between agonist and antagonist, which is synthetic and which is endogenous?
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agonist--endogenous
antagonist--synthetic |
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Why is the x-value of a dose-response curve expressed logarithmically?
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allows us to observe change more gradually
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What is the difference between drug dose and drug concentration?
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drug dose--amount of drug given administered
drug concentration--amount of drug that actually makes it to the site of action |
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quantal dose response curve
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measurement of the dose required to produce a measured effect in a population
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ED50
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effective dose--drug concentration needed for 50% of a maximum response
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If drug A is 10 times more potent than drug B, which drug has a higher ED50?
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Drug B because 10 times more drug is needed to reach a 50% response
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