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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are prostaglandins?
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Oxygenated fatty acids classified as hormones
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What is a potent prostaglandin source?
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Menstrual blood
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Which prostaglandins are most commonly used in reproductive medicine?
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1. PGF-2-alpha
2. PGE-2 3. PGE-4 |
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What do prostaglandins affect?
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1. Smooth muscle contractility and modulation of hormonal activity
2. Ovulation and menstrual cycle 3. Onset of abortion (spontaneous and induced) 4. Onset of labor (term and preterm) |
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What is climacteric?
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The transitional phase during which ovarian function and hormone production decline
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What is menopause?
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The last menstrual period
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What is the average age of menopause?
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51.4
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What is the age range of menopause?
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35 to 60 years
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What is perimenopause?
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The time period preceding menopause that lasts about 4 years
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What regulates the production of FSH and LH?
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Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland in females
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When do humans reach physical maturity on average?
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Age 17 years (with individual developmental variations)
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What are the processes of sexual response?
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1. Vasocongestion
2. Myotonia |
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What is vasocongestion?
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Increased circulation of blood to circumvaginal vessels leading to lubrication in females and causing engorgement & distention of the genitals
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What is myotonia?
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Increased muscular tension
(i.e. pelvic thrusting, facial grimacing, spasms of hands and feet) |
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What are the phases of the sexual response cycle?
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1. Excitement phase
2. Plateau phase 3. Orgasmic phase 4. Resolution phase |
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What occurs during the excitement phase?
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1. Increased heart rate and blood pressure
2. Nipples become erect 3. Myotonia begins |
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What occurs during the plateau phase?
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1. Continued increase of HR and BP
2. Increased respirations 3. Myotonia becomes pronounced; facial grimacing occurs |
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What occurs during the orgasmic phase?
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1. HR, BP, and respirations increase to maximum levels
2. Involuntary muscle spasms occur 3. External rectal sphincter contracts |
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What occurs during the resolution phase?
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1. HR, BP, and respirations return to normal
2. Nipple erection subsides 3. Myotonia subsides |
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What is most commonly a sign of possible pregnancy?
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Late or missed period
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What are the major goals of prenatal care?
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1. Define health status of mother and fetus
2. Determine the gestational age of the fetus, and monitor fetal development 3. Identify the woman at risk for complications, and minimize the risk whenever possible 4. Provide appropriate education and counseling |
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What % of couples in the U.S. have some degree of infertility?
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15%
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What are pregnant teens considered as?
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Pregnancy at risk
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What is included in health maintenance?
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1. Pelvic and breast cancer screenings
2. Healthy lifestyle - good nutrition, regular exercise, no smoking, little or no alcohol consumption, sufficient rest, stress reduction, and referral for medical conditions & other specific problems |
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What genetic anomaly is of greater risk to women pregnant over the age of 35 years?
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Down's syndrome
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What health problems occur more often in the late reproductive age group?
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1. Perimenopause problems (i.e. bleeding irregularities and vasomotor symptoms)
2. Breast disease 3. Ovarian cancer |
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What factors increase the risk of substance use and abuse?
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1. Biogenetic predisposition
2. Lack of resilience to stressful life experiences 3. Poor social support |
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What is the addictive component of cigarettes?
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Nicotine
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What are the effects of cigarette smoking?
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1. Impaired fertility
2. May reduce the age for menopause (i.e. earlier onset) 3. Increases the risk for osteoporosis after menopause |
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Which age group has the highest rates of chronic alcoholism?
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Women aged 35 to 49 years
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Which age group has the highest rate of specific alcohol-related problems?
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Women aged 21-34 years
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What situations are associated with women who are problem drinkers?
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1. Depression
2. Higher incidence of motor vehicle injuries 3. Higher incidence of suicide attempts 4. Risk of alcohol-related liver damage |
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What are examples of psychotherapeutic medications?
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1. Stimulants
2. Sleeping pills 3. Tranquilizers 4. Pain relievers |
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What should be considered when psychotherapeutic drugs are used for more than short periods of time?
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Risk-to-benefit ratios (because such medications can produce psychologic and physical dependency in the same manner as illicit drugs)
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What is the most common mental health problem in women?
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Depression
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What is anorexia nervosa?
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1. An eating disorder in which the individuals have a distorted view of their body, and no matter what the weight, perceive themselves to be too fat
2. Onset is usually adolescence |
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What is bulimia nervosa?
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1. Secret, uncontrolled binge eating alternating with methods to prevent weight gain (i.e. self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics, strict diets, fasting, and rigorous exercise)
2. Onset usually early adulthood (18-25 years of age) |
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What is binge eating disorder?
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Eating large amounts of food in a short period of time
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What is the SCOFF screening questionnaire for eating disorders?
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1. Do you make yourself SICK (i.e. induce vomiting) because you feel too full?
2. Do you worry about loss of CONTROL over the amount you eat? 3. Have you recently lost more than ONE stone (6.4 kg/14 lbs) in a 3-month period? 4. Do you think you are too FAT even if others think you are too thin? 5. Does FOOD dominate your life? |
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What are the physical stress symptoms?
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1. Sweaty hands
2. Increased HR 3. Trembling 4. Nervous tics 5. Dryness of throat or mouth 6. Tiring easily 7. Urinating frequently 8. Sleeping problems 9. Diarrhea, indigestion, vomiting 10. Butterflies in stomach 11. Headaches 12. Premenstrual tension 13. Pain in neck and lower back 14. Loss of appetite or overeating 15. Susceptibility to illness |
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What are the behavioral symptoms of stress?
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1. Stuttering or speech difficulties
2. Crying for no apparent reason 3. Acting impulsively 4. Startling easily 5. Laughing in a high-pitched and nervous tone of voice 6. Grinding teeth 7. Increasing smoking 8. Increasing use of drugs or alcohol 9. Being accident-prone 10. Losing appetite or overeating |
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What are the psychologic symptoms of stress?
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1. Anxiety
2. Feeling scared 3. Irritability 4. Moodiness 5. Low self-esteem 6. Fear of failure 7. Inability to concentrate 8. Embarrassing easily 9. Worrying about the future 10. Preoccupation with thoughts or tasks 11. Forgetfulness |
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What is emphasized during the assessment and evaluation of the medical history?
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Responsibility for self-care, health promotion, and enhancement of wellness
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What techniques are used during a gynecological interview to encourage women to share pertinent, personal information?
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1. Facilitation
2. Reflection 3. Clarification 4. Empathic responses 5. Confrontation 6. Interpretation |
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What is facilitation?
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Using a word or posture that communicates interest; leaning forward; making eye contact; or saying "Mm-hmmm" or "Go on"
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What is reflection (during an interview)?
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Repeating a word or phrase that a woman has used
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What is clarification?
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Asking the woman what is meant by a word or phrase
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What are empathic responses?
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Acknowledging the feelings of a woman by statements such as "That must be frightening"
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What is confrontation?
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Identifying something about the woman's behavior or feelings not expressed verbally or apparently inconsistent with her history
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What is interpretation?
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Putting into words what is inferred about the woman's feelings or about the meaning of her symptoms, events, or other matters
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What functional assessments should be made with women over 70 years old or those with disabilities?
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1. Self-care activities: walking, getting to bathroom, bathing, hair combing, dressing, and eating
2. Driving or public transportation use 3. Laundry, grocery shopping, meal preparation 4. Taking medications |
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What indicates immediate gynecological referral?
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A woman with palpable adnexal masses or vaginal bleeding after menopause
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What can be used to delegate decision-making authority to a trusted relative or friend regarding health issues?
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The Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care
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What is critical in keeping the body health well into old age?
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1. Proper nutrition
2. Exercise 3. Mental and social stimulation |
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What is health promotion?
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Motivation to increase well-being and actualize health potential
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What is illness prevention?
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Desire to avoid illness, detect it early, or maintain optimal functioning when illness is present
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What lifestyle factors that affect health do women have some control over?
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1. Diet
2. Tobacco, alcohol, and substance use 3. Exercise 4. Sunlight exposure 5. Stress management 6. Sexual practices |
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What is necessary to maintain good nutrition?
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1. Adequate amounts of vitamins, minerals, iron, and fiber
2. Fluid intake - at least 6-8 glasses of water, in addition to juices 3. Limited intake of coffee, tea, soft drinks, and alcohol |
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What is homocysteine?
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An amino acid that damages the heart and blood vessels and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and dementia
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What reduces high levels of homocysteine in the body?
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Folic acid
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What does the American Heart Association recommend as exercise?
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30 to 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity on most days of the week at 50% to 75% of maximum heart rate
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What physical activities are beneficial when performed regularly?
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1. Brisk walking
2. Hiking 3. Stair climbing 4. Aerobic exercise 5. Jogging 6. Running 7. Bicycling 8. Rowing 9. Swimming 10. Soccer 11. Basketball |
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What are the benefits of physical activity?
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1. Builds healthy bones, muscles, and joints
2. Reduces the risk of colon and breast cancer 3. Reduces the feelings of depression and anxiety 4. Improves mood and promotes feelings of well-being 5. Reducing or eliminating health risk factors by lowering BP, maintaining a reasonable weight or facilitating weight loss, and lowering cholesterol to levels below 200 mg/dl |
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What are Kegel exercises?
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Pelvic exercises that strengthen the supportive pelvic floor muscles to control or reduce incontinent urine loss
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What are women twice as likely than men to have?
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Depression, anxiety, or panic attacks
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What are some practical advice to help with stress management?
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1. Take regular breaks
2. Take time for friends 3. Develop interests outside of work or home 4. Set realistic goals 5. Learn self-acceptance |
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What are the stress management interventions?
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1. Role-playing
2. Relaxation techniques 3. Biofeedback 4. Meditation 5. Desensitization 6. Imagery 7. Assertiveness training 8. Yoga 9. Diet 10. Exercise 11. Weight control |
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What are the five A's of interventions for smoking cessation?
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1. Ask
2. Assess 3. Advise 4. Assist 5. Arrange follow-up |
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What are the safer sex practices?
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1. Monogamous relationship
2. Correct use of latex condoms 3. Great care in choosing sexual partners 4. A new condom used for each sexual act 5. Abstinence from sexual intercourse is encouraged for those being treated for STIs or whose partner(s) are being treated |
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What do periodic health screenings include?
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1. History
2. Physical exam 3. Education 4. Counseling 5. Selected diagnostic and laboratory tests |
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What are some health risk prevention methods?
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1. Wear seat belts
2. Wear helmets 3. Follow driving "rules of the road" 4. Place working smoke alarms throughout the home and workplace 5. Avoid secondhand smoke 6. Reduce noise pollution or safeguard against hearing loss 7. Protect skin and eyes from UV light 8. Handle and store firearms appropriately 9. Practice water safety |
