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16 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Decision with ambiguous risk?
not sure what the results will be
Even with ambiguous risk what does our decisions usually rely on
While decision in which the risks are unknown relies most heavily on the Expected reward system and, eventually, on the Action Selection System
What is DSM criteria for autism/ASD?
1. delayed or abnormal functioning in...
a. social interactions
b. verbal and nonverbal communication
c. pretend play
- overly sendsitive to hearing touch and smell
What is difference in dendritic spines in autism/ASD vs. normal at what age?
early age increases more rapidly than normal, but it just started from a different place
What genes are associated with autism/asd?
Find that these proteins are involved in synaptic functioning particularly the post synaptic function
1. neuroligin 3
2. neuroligin 4
3. neurlexin 1
4. shank 2
5. shank 3
What does mirror neurons and autism have in common?
deficits in kids with autism
Describe the imitation of people's motions (mirror neuron system)
Feedback between all three
1. Provide the visual input- posterior sectior of the superior sector of the superior temporal sulcus
2. Identifies the motor action: Posterior Mirror Neuron System
3. Identifies the goal
of the action: Anterior Mirror
Neuron System (posterior part of frontal lobe)
Why is mirror neuron system important for development?
Imitative behavior is crucial to developing social cognitive skills – we tend to imitate emotional state/behavior as well as motor behavior. The circuit for imitating is believed to interact with limbic structures via the insula
What links the limbic system and the mirror neuron system?
the insula
What physical changes do we see in brain for schizophrenia?
1. decreased cortical volume- decreased neuronal volume
2. increased size of lateral venricles in particular
3. decreased volume or neural number in subcortical structures (caudate, putamen, amygdala)
What are negative symptoms of schizo associated with physiologically
amino acid and NT probs
What is general concept of schizo as far as neurophysiology?
generally thought to be linked to overactivity of the dopaminergic system (and most drugs used to treat it act at dopaminergic synapses)
What genes are implicated in the origins of schizophrenia?
Dysbindin*
DISC-1 (“disrupted in schizophrenia”)*
COMT*
Neuregulin 1*
Reelin (a regulator of neuronal migration)
G72
D-amino acid oxidase
“regulator of G protein signaling 4” (RGS4)
Describe the gene dysbindin and its role in schizophrenia
according to some sources, ‘best-supported’ susceptibility gene for schizophrenia- normally associated with muscle
- The reduction in dysbindin has been hypothesized to lead to increased packaging of EAA into the vesicles, leading to increased neurotransmitter release in response to stimulation. Increased release of EAA release may trigger excitotoxic cell death of the post-synaptic cell, altering neural circuits controlling cognition and behavior.
Identified from a Scottish kindred with high (40%) prevalence of psychiatric disturbances, particularly schizophrenia; linkage has now been shown in other cases
DISC-1 (disrupted in schizophrenia)
COMT gene does what?
Iimits action of reuptake and catabolism by MAO and COMT
In the prefrontal cortex, COMT ‘outweighs’ reuptake as the predominant mechanism for removing dopamine from the synapse. In fact, it has been reported that the prefrontal cortex LACKS the uptake mechanism for dopamine.