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28 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Functions of the musculoskeletal system
-Provides support for the body
-Enables it to stand and to move -Protects inner organs
-Produces RBCs in bone marrow -Provides for the storage of minerals
Types of Joints
Synovial- freely moveable joints; enclosed in a joint cavity that is filled with synovial fluid

Nonsynovial- immovable/slightly moveable (i.e. verbebrae)

((Bursa- sac filled with viscous synovial fluid located in joint areas of potential friction; help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone))
Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic systemic inflammatory disease of joints and surrounding connective tissue.

-symmetrical and bilateral; characterized by heat, redness, swelling, and painful motion of the affected joints

-inflammation of synovial membrane leads to thickening; then to fibrosis, which limits motion, and finally to bony anklylosis
Osteoporosis
-decrease in skeletal bone mass occurring when rate of bone resorption is greater than that of bone formation

- weakened bone state increases risk for stress fractures, especially at wrist, hip, and vertebrae
Atrophy of shoulder
loss of muscle mass

seen as lack of fullness surrounding deltoid muscle
Dislocated shoulder
hunching the shoulder forward and the tip of the clavicle dislocates

occurs with trauma involving abduction, extension, and rotation
Joint effusion of shoulder
swelling from excess fluid in joint capsule
Tear of the rotator cuff
(of shoulder)
seen as hunched position and limited abduction of the arm

Occurs from traumatic adduction while arm is held in adduction, or from fall on shoulder, throwing, or heavy lifting
Gouty arthritis of elbow
joint effusion or synovial thickening presents as bulge in grooves on either side of olecranon process

-Redness and heat can extend beyond area of synovial membrane

-Soft, boggy, or fluctant to palpation; Limited extension of elbow
Subcutaneous nodules of elbow
-raised, firm, nonternder nodules occuring with RA

Skin slides freely over nodules.
Ganglion cyst
round, cystic, nontender nodule overlying a tendon sheath or joint capsule

usually on dorsum of wrist; a common, benign tumor
Carpal tunnel syndrome
pain, burning and numbness; positive Phalen’s test and Tinel’s sign, and atrophy of thenar muscles

Caused by chronic repetitive motion, occurs between 30 and 60 years of age and is 5 times more likely in women than men
Ankylosis
stiffness or fixation of a joint

Wrist in extreme flexion due to severe RA; functionally useless hand (when the wrist is palmar flexed, a good deal of power is lost from the fingers, and the thumb cannot oppose the fingers)
Dupuytren’s contracture
flexion contracture of the fingers due to chronic hyperplasia (abnormal increase in the number of cells) of the palmar fascia

Bands extend from the midpalm to the digits and puckering of palmar skin
Usually bilateral; painless, but impairs hand function

Occurs with diabetes, epilepsy, and alcoholic liver disease, and as an inherited trait
Swan-neck
flexion contracture of the metacarpophalangeal joint resembles curve of a swan’s neck

Occurs with chronic RA and is often accompanied by ulnar drift of the fingers
Boutonniere deformities
knuckle looks as if it is being pushed through a buttonhole

Relatively common deformity
Ulnar deviation or drift
Fingers drift to the ulnar side because of stretching of the articular capsule and muscle imbalance

Caused by chronic RA.
Degenerative joint disease or osteoarthritis
characterized by hard, nontender nodules, 2 to 3 mm or more

These osteophytes (bony overgrowths) of the distal interphalangeal joints are called Heberden’s nodes, and those of the proximal interphalangeal joints are called Bouchard’s nodes
Acute rheumatoid arthritis
Painful swelling and stiffness of joints, with fusiform or spindle-shaped swelling of the soft tissue of proximal interphalangeal joints

Fusiform swelling is usually symmetric, the hands are warm, and the veins are engorged; the inflamed joints have limited ROM
Syndactyly
Polydactyly
- webbed fingers; congenital deformity

- extra digit, congenital deformity
Milnd synovitis
-abnormality of knee

-Loss of normal hollows on either side of the patella, which are replaced by mild distention

Occurs with synovial thickening or effusion (excess fluid)
Prepatellar bursitis
localized swelling on the anterior knee between patella and skin

tender fluctuant mass indicates swelling; condition is limited to bursa, and the knee joint itself is not involved

Overlying skin may be red, shiny and atrophic, or coarse and thickened
Osgood-Schlatter disease
painful swelling of the tibial tubercle just below the knee, probably from repeated stress on the patellar tendon

Occurs most in puberty after growth and most often in males

Condition is usually self-limited, and symptoms resolve with rest
Acute gout
redness, swelling, heat, and extreme tenderness, usually involves the metatarsophalangeal joint first

metabolic disorder of disturbed purine metabolism, associated with elevated serum uric acid, occurring primarily in men over 40 years of age
Hallux vagus
(w/ bunion & hammertoes)
common deformity from RA; It is a lateral or outward deviation of the great toe with medial prominence of the head of the first metatarsal

The bunion is the inflamed bursa that forms at the pressure point

The great toe loses power to push off while walking
Ingrown toenail
nail does not grow in, but the soft tissue grows over the nail and obliterates the groove

occurs almost always on the great toe on the medial or lateral side

due to trimming the nail too short or toe-crowding in tight shoes; area becomes infected when the nail grows and its corner penetrates the soft tissue
Scoliosis
s-shaped curvature of the thoracic spine

Functional scoliosis: flexible; it is apparent with standing and disappears with forward bending; may be compensatory for other abnormalities such as leg length discrepancy

Structural scoliosis: fixed; curvature shows both on standing and on bending forward
Kyphosis
outward or convex curvature of the thoracic spine, hunchback

Causes significant back pain and limited mobility