N20030 Interventions: Oxygenation (Classnotes)

Front 1

Myocardial Pump

Back 1

essential to deliver O2

Front 2

Myocardial Blood Flow

Back 2

sytole (eject blood) and diastole (relax and fill with blood)

Front 3

Coronary Artery Circulation

Back 3

supplies O2 and nutrients to the myocardium

Front 4

Systemic Circulation

Back 4

supplies O2 and nutrients to the tissues

Front 5

Cardiac Output

Back 5

amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute

Front 6

Normal cardiac output for resting adult

Back 6

4-6 L/min

Front 7

equation for cardiac output

Back 7

CO= HR x SV (stroke volume)

Front 8

What determines heart rate?

Back 8

SA node aka pacemaker

Front 9

Stroke volume

Back 9

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

Front 10

preload

Back 10

end-diastolic volume; the amount of blood left in the left ventricle

Front 11

afterload

Back 11

resistance to left ventricular ejection; the work the heart must overcome to eject blood

Front 12

breathing

Back 12

effort required to expand and contract lungs

Front 13

Inspiration

Back 13

active process; diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to enlarge the thorax and decr intrathoracic presure, pulls lungs outward, pressure drops within airways and air rushes in

Front 14

expiration

Back 14

passive process; diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax causing the thorax to become smaller, lungs push in, air is forced out of the lungs

Front 15

Lung Volume and Capacity

Back 15

is used to measure the volume of air entering or leaving the lungs

Front 16

Pulmonary circulation

Back 16

move the blood to and from the alveoli and capillaries for gas exchange to occur

Front 17

respiratory gas exchange

Back 17

O2/CO2 exchange via diffusion

Front 18

diffusion

Back 18

process by which molecules move from area of greater concentration to lower concentration

Front 19

example of diffusion

Back 19

O2 and CO2 move btw the alveoli and the blood by diffusion, as O2 crosses from the alveoli into the blood, it binds to hemoglobin on RBCs and is carried to tissues

Front 20

oxygen transport

Back 20

consists of lungs and cardiovascular system, O2 transported mostly by hemoglobin

Front 21

CO2 transport

Back 21

CO2 is broken down into H+ ions and bicarbonate ions

Front 22

What regulates respiration

Back 22

CNS and Chemical

Front 23

Dysrythmias

Back 23

may result as primary disturbance or bc of caffeine, alcohol, drug toxicity, fluid/electrolyte imbalance, ischemia, and tobacco use

Front 24

PVC

Back 24

premature ventricular contraction

Front 25

PAC

Back 25

premature aventricular contratcion

Front 26

Left-sided heart failure

Back 26

lungs will be altered; SOB, crackles, dizziness, activity intolerance

Front 27

Right-sided heart failure

Back 27

backs up into systemic circulation; weight gain, jugular vein distention, peripheral edema

Front 28

impaired valvular function

Back 28

causes stenosis (leaking) of the valves

Front 29

Myocardial Ischemia (MI)

Back 29

heart attack; supply of blood is insufficient to meet O2 demands of the heart, can be caused by coronary artey plaque

Front 30

hyperventilation

Back 30

ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate normal CO2

Front 31

causes of hyperventilation

Back 31

anxiety, infection, drugs, hypoxia (bc RBCs not getting enough O2), fever, aspirin overdose, or diabetic ketoscidosis

Front 32

hypoventilation

Back 32

ventilation inadequate to meet the body's O2 demand or to eliminate sufficient CO2

Front 33

causes of hypoventilation

Back 33

atelectasis and COPD (have adpated to high levels of CO2, stimulus to breathe is low level of O2)

Front 34

Sypmtoms of hypoventilation

Back 34

cyanosis, change in mental status, dysrhthmias leading to cardiac arrest

Front 35

Hypoxia

Back 35

inadequte tissue oxygenation at the cellular lever

Front 36

causes of hypoxia

Back 36

low Hb, decr inspired O2, inability to exact O2, decr diffusion of O2, poor tissue perfusion, and impaired ventilation

Front 37

symptoms of hypoxia

Back 37

restlessness, apprehension, changes in LOC, behavorial changes, dizziness, and cyanosis

Front 38

nursing diagnosis

Back 38

ineffective airway clearance
ineffective breathing pattern
ineffective tissue perfusion
decrased cardiac output
impaired gas exchange
impaired spontaneous ventilation
activity intolerance
risk for infection
fear
anxiety
impaired verbal communication