N200 Lecture Ch. 08 Asepsis

Front 1

The collective vegetation in a given area:

Back 1

resident flora

Front 2

An invasion of body tissue by a microorganisms and their growth there.

Back 2

An infection

Front 3

A microorganism that causes infection is called:

Back 3

An infectious agent

Front 4

If a microorganism produces no clinical evidence of disease, the infection is called:

Back 4

asymptomatic or subclinical

Front 5

Can subclinical infections still cause damage?

Back 5

yes

Front 6

A detectable alteration in normal tissue function:

Back 6

disease

Front 7

A microorganisms ability to produce disease:

Back 7

virulence

Front 8

If the infectious agent can be transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect contact or as an airborne infection, the resulting condition is called:

Back 8

a communicable disease

Front 9

The ability to produce disease:

Back 9

pathogenicity

Front 10

A microorganism that causes disease:

Back 10

a pathogen

Front 11

Pathogen that causes disease or infection in a healthy individual:

Back 11

True pathogen

Front 12

Pathogen that causes disease only in a susceptible individual:

Back 12

an opportunistic pathogen

Front 13

The freedom from disease-causing microorganisms:

Back 13

Asepsis

Front 14

What are the two basic types of asepsis?

Back 14

medical and surgical

Front 15

Type of asepsis that includes all practices intended to confine a specific microorganism to a specific area, limiting the number, growth, and transmission of microorganisms.

Back 15

medical asepsis

Front 16

Type of asepsis that refers to those practices that keep an area or object free of all microorganisms and spores.

Back 16

Surgical asepsis

Front 17

surgical asepsis is aka:

Back 17

sterile technique

Front 18

In medical asepsis, objects are referred to as:

Back 18

clean or dirty

Front 19

clean means:

Back 19

the absence of almost all microorganisms.

Front 20

Dirty means:

Back 20

likely to have microorganisms, some of which may be capable of causing infection.

Front 21

Surgical asepsis is used for all procedures involving ____________ areas of the body.

Back 21

THE STERILE

Front 22

The state of infection:

Back 22

sepsis

Front 23

The process by which strains of microorganisms become resident flora; in this state, the microorganisms may grow and multiply but do not cause disease.

Back 23

colonization

Front 24

Infection occurs when:

Back 24

newly introduced or resident microorganisms succeed in invading a part of the body where the host's defense mechanisms are ineffective and the pathogen causes tissue damage.

Front 25

The infection becomes a disease when:

Back 25

the signs and symptoms of the infection are unique and can be differentiated from other conditions.

Front 26

An infection limited to the specific part of the body where the microorganisms remain.

Back 26

a local infection

Front 27

An infection where the microorganisms have spread and damaged different parts of the body:

Back 27

a systemic infection

Front 28

An infection where a culture of the person's blood reveals microorganisms:

Back 28

bacteremia

Front 29

Bacteremia resulting in a systemic infection:

Back 29

septicemia

Front 30

An infection that appears suddenly or lasts a short time:

Back 30

an acute infection.

Front 31

An infection that occurs slowly, over a very long period, and may last months or years.

Back 31

a chronic infection

Front 32

Infections that originate in the hospital.

Back 32

Nosocomial infections

Front 33

Nosocomial infections are a subgroup of:

Back 33

health care-associated infections (HAIs)

Front 34

Infections that originate in any health care setting:

Back 34

HAIs

Front 35

HAIs are believed to include ______ many clients per year:

Back 35

about 2 million

Front 36

What are the CDC stats for HAIs by category?

Back 36

33.33% are UTIs
22% in surgical wounds
15% in the respiratory tract
14% in the blood stream

Front 37

The microorganisms that cause nosocomial infections can originate from two sources: the patients themselves or from the hospital environment. These are called:

Back 37

endogenous or exogenous sources.

Front 38

Most nosocomial infections originate from this source:

Back 38

endogenous source

Front 39

What are four very common sources of nosocomial infections?

Back 39

Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, and Clostridium difficile.

Front 40

Nosocomial infections that are the direct result of a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure.

Back 40

iatrogenic infections

Front 41

What are the six links of the Chain of Infection?

Back 41

1) Etiologic Agent
2) Reservoir
3) Portal of Exit
4) Mode of Transmission
5) Portal of Entry
6) susceptible Host

Front 42

What are the types of transmission?

Back 42

Direct
2 types of Indirect
Airborne

Front 43

What are the 2 types of indirect transmission?

Back 43

vehicle-borne or vector borne transmission.

Front 44

Describe each type: vehicle-borne, and vector-borne.

Back 44

Vehicle-borne: through a fomite.
Vector-borne: through a vector.

Front 45

Direction transmission:

Back 45

direct touch or droplets spread within 1m.

Front 46

Airborne transmission:

Back 46

Droplet nuclei or dust.

Front 47

In response to the exit of leukocytes from the blood, the bone marrow produces large numbers of leukocytes and releases them into the bloodstream, in a process called:

Back 47

leukocytosis

Front 48

normal leukocyte count =
leukocytosis leukocyte count =

Back 48

4,500 - 11,000/mm³
20,000 or more/mm³

Front 49

A localized and nonspecific defensive response of the tissues to an injurious or infectious agent:

Back 49

Inflammation

Front 50

What are the stages of Inflammation?

Back 50

Vascular and cellular response
Exudate production
Reparative phase

Front 51

The replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function.

Back 51

Regeneration

Front 52

Fragile, gelatinous tissue, appearing pink or red because of many newly formed capillaries:
Stage?

Back 52

Granulation tissue; forms in the early reparative phase.

Front 53

Type of immunity where the host produces antibodies in response to antigens.

Back 53

active immunity

Front 54

Type of immunity where the host receives natural (from mother) or artificial (immunoglobulins).

Back 54

passive (acquired) immunity.

Front 55

Techniques to be used with all patients. The risk of caregiver exposure to client bodily fluids rather than the suspected presence or absence of pathogens determines the use of PPE.

Back 55

Universal or Standard precautions.

Front 56

For routine care, CDC recommends vigorous hand washing under a stream of water for at least __________ at the beginning of each shift.

Back 56

20 seconds

Front 57

the CDC recommends antimicrobial soap when:

Back 57

There are known multiple drug resistant bacteria.
Before invasive procedures.
In special care units
Before caring for severely immunocompromised clients.

Front 58

After the initial hand-washing, the CDC recommends the use of ___________ :

Back 58

alcohol-based antiseptic hand rubs before and after each client contact.

Front 59

Can you use an alcohol-based antiseptic as a precaution for C. diff.?

Back 59

NO, if C. diff is present, you must hand-wash.

Front 60

Agents that inhibit the growth of some microorganisms:

Back 60

antiseptics

Front 61

Agents that destroy pathogens other than spores:

Back 61

disinfectants

Front 62

Using a chemical treatment to reduce microbes on an inanimate object:

Back 62

disinfecting

Front 63

Using a chemical treatment to reduce microbes on skin or tissue:

Back 63

antiseptic

Front 64

How many tiers of precautions are there?
What are they?

Back 64

2;
Tier 1 is Standard or Universal precautions.
Tier 2 are Transmission precautions.

Front 65

Tier 2 precautions are used when standard precautions fail to block the chain of infection and infection is spread in one of these 3 ways:

Back 65

airborne
droplet
contact

Front 66

measures designed to prevent the spread of infection or potentially infectious microorganisms to health personnel, clients, and visitors.

Back 66

Isolation

Front 67

What are the two types of isolation precautions?

Back 67

Category specific and Disease specific isolation precautions

Front 68

Type of isolation precautions that use seven categories: strict isolation, contact isolation, respiratory isolation, tuberculosis isolation, enteric precautions, drainage/secretions precautions, and blood/body fluid precautions.

Back 68

Category-specific isolation precautions

Front 69

Type of isolation precautions that provide for specific diseases:

Back 69

Disease-specific isolation precautions.

Front 70

Standard precautions apply to:

Back 70

blood, all body fluids, secretions, and excretions (except sweat), broken skin, and mucous membranes.

Front 71

Airborne precautions are used for clients with known or suspected infections transmitted by:

Back 71

airborne droplet nuclei smaller than 5 microns.
eg. measles (rubeola), varicella, and TB.

Front 72

Droplet precautions are used for clients known or suspected to have infections transmitted by:

Back 72

droplets larger than 5 microns.
eg. diphtheria, pertussis, mumps, rubella, pneumonia, pneumonic plague.

Front 73

Contact precautions are used for clients known or suspected to have infections easily transmitted by:

Back 73

direct contact or contact with fomites.
eg. GI, resp. tract, skin wound, C. diff, herpes, drug resistant carriers.

Front 74

When are gloves worn in SP?

Back 74

when touching blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, contaminated items, mucous membranes, non-intact skin & when performing invasive procedures.

Front 75

When is a gown worn in SP?

Back 75

when soiling of clothes is likely.
when assessing or changing wound dressing.
when having direct patient contact with a patient who is in contact precautions.
when performing certain invasive procedures, such as central line insertion.

Front 76

When are a mask, eye protection & face shield worn?

Back 76

when splashing or spraying of blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions are likely

Front 77

What Isolation precautions are taken for Airborne infections?

Back 77

Place client in airborne infection isolation room or in room with another patient with same infection.
Wear N95 mask when entering the room.
Remove nothing from the room.

Front 78

What Isolation precautions are taken for Droplet precautions?

Back 78

Place client in private room or in room with another patient with same infection.
Wear mask if working within 1m of client.
Remove nothing from the room.

Front 79

What Isolation precautions are taken for Contact precautions?

Back 79

Place client in private room or in room with another patient with same infection.
Wear PPE as needed.
Remove nothing from the room.

Front 80

MRSA:
VRE:
ESBL:
Other?

Back 80

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
vancomycin resistant enterococcus
extended spectrum beta-lactamase
Other: Acinetobacter spp.

Front 81

MRSA is a.k.a:

Back 81

ORSA: oxacillin resistant staphylococcus aureus

Front 82

What is the procedure for transporting a pt with MDRO?

Back 82

Wear appropriate PPE to move patient

Remove PPE & wash hands before leaving room
Transport patient as usual
INFORM ACCEPTING DEPARTMENT
Wear PPE to move patient
Clean bed, remove PPE & wash hands then make bed with new linen
If patient is in airborne isolation, patient must wear face mask

Front 83

What are the three reasons gloves are worn?

Back 83

1. To protect the nurse from picking up microorganisms from the pt.
2. To protect the pt.
3. To prevent the nurse from spreading germs from one pt to another.

Front 84

What goes into the red biohazard bag?

Back 84

Anything dripping or soaked with blood, surgical drains, chest tubes.

Front 85

What doesn't go in the red biohazard bag?

Back 85

Diapers, sputum or excretions from contact isolation.

Front 86

Where do lab specimens go?

Back 86

Into a biohazard labeled leakproof container with a lid.

Front 87

Where do pharmaceuticals go? Does this include IV's?

Back 87

In a "pharmaceutical waste" container. Yes, this includes IVs

Front 88

Between pts, you should clean BP cuff, stethoscope, and thermometers, etc. with:

Back 88

a sani-cloth.

Front 89

Which hand hygiene product is more effective in killing bacteria: anti-microbial soap or alcohol-based rubs?

Back 89

alcohol based rubs.

Front 90

Define a sterile field:

Back 90

A microorganism free area.

Front 91

How far up the arm in considered sterile?

Back 91

2in. above the elbow.

Front 92

Sterile forceps are held:

Back 92

tip down, unless sterile gloves are worn.

Front 93

What size margin around a sterile field is considered unsterile?

Back 93

A 1 in. margin.

Front 94

What qualities are essential in maintaining surgical asepsis?

Back 94

conscientiousness, alertness, and honesty.