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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
osteoporosis
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chronic metabolic disease in which bone loss causes decreased density and possible fracture
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osteopenia
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Result of osteoporosis- low bone mass- happens when osteoclastic activity is greater than osteoblastic activity
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Can exercise help in the treatment of osteoporosis?
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Yes
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Osteomalacia
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Loss of bone R/T a Vit D deficiency. Causes softening of the bone caused by inadequate deposits of Ca and Po in the bone matrix
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Osteomalacia mostly affects the ____ bones
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long bones
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How to treat Osteomalacia?
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Vit D supplements
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Looser Lines or Zones are associated with what disease?
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Osteomalacia
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Osteomalacia is the adult equivalent of ______, or Vit D deficiency in children
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Rickets
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Paget's Disease
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A chronic metabolic disorder in which bone is excessively broken down (osteoclastic activity) and re-formed (osteoblastic activity). Result is structurally disorganized- weak- rick for bowing in long bones
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Osteomyelitis
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bacterial, virus, or fungal infection in bone which stimulates the inflammatory response in bone tissue
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Scoliosis
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occurs when the vertebrae rotate and begin to compress. The spinal column begins to move into a lateral curve.
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Complete fracture
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the break is across the entire width of the bone in such a way that the bone is divided into two distinct sections
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Incomplete Fracture
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the fracture does not divide the bone into two portions because the break is through only part of the bone
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Closed (simple) fracture
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The skin is not disrupted
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Open (compound) fracture
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The skin surface over the broken bone is disrupted which causes an external wound
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Name the 8 types of fractures
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Open (simple), Closed (compound), Comminuted (fragmented) , displaced, oblique, spiral, impacted, greenstick
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Greatest risk of an open (compound) fracture?
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Infection (bone) and Fat Embolism (FE)
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6 steps in the stages of bone healing
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Hematoma formation
Hematoma to granulation tissue Callus formation Osteoblastic proliferation Bone remodeling Bone healing completed |
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4 major complications of fractures?
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Infection
Fat embolism Hypovolemic shock (Blood loss) Acute Compartment syndrome |
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Acute Compartment syndrome
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a serious condition in which increased pressure within one or more compartments reduces circulation to the area.
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What are the two major causes of Acute Compartment syndrome
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Casts and surgery
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**Signs and symptoms of Acute Compartment syndrome**
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6Ps
Pain, Pressure, Paralysis, Parasthesia, Pallor, Pulselessness |
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Where would the symptoms be found in Acute Compartment syndrome?
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Below the site of injury
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What should the RN do if Acute Compartment syndrome suspected?
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Contact the SURGEON immediately
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Crush Syndrome
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occurs from an external crush injury that compresses one or more compartments in the leg, arm, or pelvis
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S/S of Crush Syndrome
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Tea colored urine--> kidneys occluded- muscles crushed and myoglobulin is clogging kidneys
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Nursing intervention for Crush Syndrome
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IV FLUIDS!!!
Also dopamine prevents occlusion of kidneys and helps the kidneys to perfuse |
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Hypovolemic Shock
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excessive bleeding- increased HR, decreased BP, decreased CO
Color change in extremities |
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Earliest sign of Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) is?
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altered mental status
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Petechia is what?
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A late sign of FES
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Osteonecrosis
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Bone death- leads to Low RBC
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Delayed union
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fracture not healed within 6 months
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Nonunion
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Fracture that never heals
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Malunion
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Fracture that heals incorrectly
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Angulation
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Fracture that heals at an angle
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Best way to help a fracture heal?
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Immobilization
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(4) Purposes of immobilization
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Prevent further injury
Promote healing/circulation Reduce pain Correct a deformity |
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(4) Types of immobilization devices
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Casts
Splints/immobilizers Traction External fixation |
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How to care for casts? Check CMS! What is CMS?
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Circulation, movement, sensation
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If pt ___ ___ after eating, this means the cast is to tight (body cast)
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Projectile vomits
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Skin Traction Vs. Skeletal Traction
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Skin traction involves the use of a device secured around the limb and a weight pulls the device
Skeletal traction involves devices surgically inserted directly into the bone and uses weights as well |
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What is important to monitor when it comes to skeletal traction?
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Pin site care
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HOW TO CARE FOR TRACTIONS
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Temperature
Ropes hang freely Alignment Circulation checks 6 P’s Type & location of fracture Increase fluid intake Overhead trapeze No weights on bed or floor |
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External fixations are used for
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realignment
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Important care for external fixations
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Pin site care, 6Ps, s/s infection
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Complications of amputations:
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-hemorrhage
-infection -Phantom limb pain -Neuroma -flexion contractures |
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Neuroma
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tumor- benign growth on end of nerve. causes sensation of pain
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
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It is caused by pressure on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel resulting in sensations of numbness, tingling, pain, and clumsiness of the hand.
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