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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anemia?
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A decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood caused by underlying disease or injury
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What is the most common type of anemia?
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Iron deficiency anemia
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What can lead to iron deficient anemia?
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Iron deficiency anemia occurs when dietary iron is not supplied to meet growth demands once fetal iron stores are depleted.
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Why is iron so important?
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Iron is needed for the formation of hemoglobin.
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What are some clinical manifestation directly related to the severity of the tissue hypoxia?
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Muscle weakness, easy fatigability, poor sucking, paleness, hair loss, rapid pounding heart beat, underdevelopment, headache, light-headedness, slowed thought process, depression
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How is anemia treated?
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The underlying cause must be treated first, then replacement of depleted iron stores can occur.
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What is sickle cell anemia?
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It is an autosomal recessive disorder. Normal hemoglobin (HbA) is partly or completely replaced by abnormal sickle hemoglobin (HbS).
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What is the patho of sickled cells?
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Features of SCA are the result of obstruction caused by sickled RBCs or increased RBC destruction. When sickled cells clog vessels, hypoxemia occurs.
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Can sickled cells return to normal?
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Yes, most cells can regain a normal shape when rehydrated or reoxygenated.
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When are symptoms first seen?
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Most are asymptomatic in the first 6 months due to the presence of fetal hemoglobin (HgF) which does not sickle. Symptoms are seen in the toddler or preschooler during a crisis following an acute respiratory or GI infection.
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What areas and symptoms are seen during a crisis?
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Hand-foot syndrome - tender, warm & swollen extremities. Cerebrum-CVA - peak between ages 4-6. Chest-symptoms resembling pneumonia. Genitals-priapism. Other effected areas-lumbosacral spine, knee, shoulder, elbow or femur.
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What is a sequestration crisis?
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Excessive pooling of blood in liver & spleen. Can lead to cardiovascular collapse & shock since the spleen can hold 1/5 of bodys blood volume.
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What is an aplastic crisis?
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Diminished RBC production resulting in profound anemia. Sickled cells live for only 10-20 days resulting in abnormally low numbers of RBCs.
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What is a sickledex test?
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Sickle-turbidity test - via finger stick with results in 3 minutes, does not distinguish between trait & disease.
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What test is done to distinguish between the trait & the disease?
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Chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis can be done before birth. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is done after birth.
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What is hemophilia A?
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Classic hemophilia caused by a deficiency of factor VIII
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Where does bleeding usually occur?
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Can occur anywhere, most frequently internal bleeding is into joint cavities and muscles.
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When can bleeding occur?
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Depending on the concentration of factor VIII. It can occur spontaneously or after trauma or surgery.
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How is hemophilia diagnosed?
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Can be diagnosed during circumcision. Usually by PTT (partial thromboplastin time) or thromboplastin generation test - can identify which factors are deficient - VIII or IX
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How is hemophilia treated?
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Administration of factor VIII - 3 or 4 times per week. DDAVP - vasopressin - nasal spray, PO, liquid, nose drops, increases factor VIII by releasing from storage sites.
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What is immune or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?
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ITP is an acquired hemorrhagic disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia - decreased platelet count, and purpura - a discoloration caused by petechiae.
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What are the symptoms of ITP?
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Onset occurs 1-4 weeks following a viral infection. May have bleeding from mucous membranes.
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How is ITP treated?
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Activity is restricted while platelet count is low. Treatment may include prednisone, IV immune globulin (IVIG), and anti-D antibody
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What are the symptoms of lead poisoning (plumbism)?
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May be asymptomatic. Can affect any part of body, renal, hematologic & neuro. Brain & neuro system are vulnerable in young children. Lead is stored in the bone. Black lines between gums & teeth
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How is lead poisoning treated?
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Levels over 45 micrograms/dL require chelation therapy. Calcium disodium edentate - EDTA, succimer - DMSA, British altilewiste - BAL. All have potential toxic side effects
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How is EDTA administered?
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given IV over several hours, IM if on fluid restrictions
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How is BAL administered?
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Given deep IM - contraindicated with peanut allergy
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How is Succimer given?
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Orally over 19 day period.
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