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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ability to bend light so rays fall on retina
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refraction
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nearsightedness, image focused behind retina
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myopia
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farsightedness, image focused behind retina
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hyperopia
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loss of accommodation 2ndary to aging, begins at age 40
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presbyopia
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absence of lens
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aphakia
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uneven curvature= distortion
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astigmatism
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wandering eye; cannot focus both eyes in same object
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strabismus
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involuntary, repetitive mvmt of eye.
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nystagmus
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What is Nystagmus caused by?
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-CNS Lesions
-Drug toxicity -endolymph fluid disturbance in ear vestibule |
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reduced vision in eye with uncorrected refractive error (LAZY EYE)
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amblyopia
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opacity within the crystalline lens
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cataract
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Cataracts can be ___ or _____
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unilateral or bilateral
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Risk factors for Cataracts: (5)
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age
trauma congential disorder medications ocular inflammation |
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Cataract: pathophysiology:
1. Change in ___________ within lens 2. ______ accumulates in lens 3. alteration in lens fiber structure= __ ____ ____ |
1. metabolic process
2. water 3. decreased lens transparency |
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Cataract assessment:
-decreased _______ -increased _______ -abnormal_______ -_____ appearance |
vision
glare color perception opaque |
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Cataract: diagnostic studies:
(3) |
visual acuity test-Snellen
ophthalmoscope slit lamp |
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With Cataracts, you may not need surgery, but _________
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vision will decrease
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There are some temporary _________ options for the cataract pt.
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palliative
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Cataracts:
1. Change _______ to improve ______ 2. strong ___________, _____ 3. Increase ________ 4. Drive during daytime to _______ |
1. perscription/acuity
2. reading glasses, magnifiers 3. amt of light 4. decrease/avoid glare |
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is the surgical removal of cataracts an in or out pt. procedure?
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out
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Before removal of cataracts via surgery, the pt. must be NPO for __-__ hrs pre op
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6-8
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What 2 eye drops are used in the surgical removal of cataracts?
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Mydriatic
NSAID |
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What type of medication is given to the pt. who is having cataract surgery?
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antianxiety
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Intra Op procedures for the surgical removal of cataracts:
-________ extraction -________ extraction -intraocular ____ done at same time - may/may not_____ ______ -_____ __ and _ injected. _______applied. |
-intracapsular
-extracapsular -implant -require sutures -subconjunctival corticosteriod/abx/ointment |
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Postoperative care: cataract
1. _____ in hours 2. ____ and ___ overnight 3. avoid increase _____ 4. ___ and ____ drops 5. New _____ |
1. home
2. patch/protective shield 3. IOP 4. abx/steroid 5. glasses |
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separation of retina and underlying epithelium, fluid accumulates between layers
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retinal detachment
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retinal detachment is an:
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EMERGENCY
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retinal detachment causes ______ if untreated
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blindness
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what is the most common cause of retinal detachment?
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retinal breaks
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The ______ ______ shrinks with aging and pulls on the retina
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vitreous humor
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2 other causes of retinal detachment:
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holes, tears
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Retinal detachment: risk factors:
1. High ______ 2. ______ 3. Proliferative _______ retinopathy 4. retinal _______ degeneration 5. _______ trauma |
1. myopia
2. aphakia 3. diabetic 4. lattice 5. Ocular |
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Retinal detachment: Assessment:
1. 2. 3. "_____" or "______" 4. _____ effect 5. Painless loss of ______ or ______ vision |
1. Photopsia
2. floaters 3. cobweb/hairnet 4. curtain 5. peripheral/central |
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Retinal detachment: diagnostic tests: (4)
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1. visual acuity measurement
2. ophthalmoscope 3. slit lamp 4. ultrasound |
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7 types of retinal surgery:
(VEC LIPS) |
vitrectomy
extraocular cryopexy laser photocoagulation intraocular pneumatic retinopexy scleral buckling |
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argon laser beam seals break via scarring
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laser photocoagulation
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uses extreme cold to create sealing scar. There is considerable post op pain
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cryopexy
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Scleral buckling is used with _______ or ________
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cryopexy/laser
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With scleral buckling, the globe is _______ and bodies within the eye ____________.
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indented
move toward retina |
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a ______ _______ is ______ causing sclera to buckle inward
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silicone implant/sutured
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what type of anesthesia is a pt. who is undergoing scleral buckling under?
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local anesthesia
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Is scleral buckling and in or our pt. procedure?
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outpt or overnight stay.
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with ________ _________, a temporary bubble is injected into the vitreous, closing the retinal break
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pneumatic retinopexy
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Pneumatic retinopexy is done with ______ or ________
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laser/cryopexy
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with pneumatic retinopexy, the ____ __ ______ so the bubble is in contact with the retinal break
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head is positioned
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surgical removal of the vitreous
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vitrectomy
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vitrectomy relives ______ on retina
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traction
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Vitrectomy may be used with _______ _______
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scleral buckling
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ARMD stands for: _______
there are two classic forms:____/_____ |
age related macular degeneration
wet/dry |
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degeneration of the macula= loss of ______ ________
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central vision
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_______ slowly progressive to 20/200 vision
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dry ARMD
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Wet (exudate) ARMD: progresses
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rapidly over days-weeks
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with this, there is a distinct area of blurred, darkened, distorted vision
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Wet ARMD
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with this, near/close vision tasks more difficult:>
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dry ARMD
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with this, develop abnormal bvs in or near macula
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wet ARMD
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= accumulation or waste material in retinal pigment
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ARMD
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ARMD is r/t : (6)
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-retinal aging
-heredity -environmental exposure to UV light -dietary intake -use of carotenoids -cigarette smokers |
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Macular degeneration assessment: Drusen in the ____ of the eye
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fundus
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Sx of macular degeneration are:
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scolomas
blurred vision metamorphosis |
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Macular degeneration: diagnostic studies: (5)
V, O, A, F, I |
visual acuity
ophthalmoscopy amsler grid test fundal photography iv fluorescein angiography |
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with macular degeneration, there is no specific txt. ________ _____ may reduce visual loss
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laser txt
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____, ____, _____ and Vitamins __, and __ may slow the process of macular degeneration
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carotene, zinc, selenium, E, C
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It's important to provide emotional support to a pt. with macular degeneration. __ ______ and ______ ______ may be used
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magnifying glass
amplication lamp |
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group of disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure
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glaucoma
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Glaucoma- ______ of the optic nerve
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atrophy
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in glaucoma, there will be changes in ______ vision
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peripheral
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2nd leading cause of blindness in US, 1st for african americans
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glaucoma
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Glaucoma may be secondary to other _____ or _______ problems
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systemic
ocular |
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There is an increased likelihood of getting glaucoma with
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aging.
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normal IOP is
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10-21mmHg
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IOP is regulated by inflow (formation) and outflow (reabsorption) of _______ _______. ________ is directly r/t this balance
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aqueous humor
glaucoma |
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IOP occurs when the rate of ___ exceeds the rate of ______
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inflow
outflow |
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Types of glaucoma include: (6)
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1. primary open angle
2. primary angle closure 3. secondary 4. congenital 5. chronic open angle 6. acute angle closure |
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Outflow of aqeuous humor is decreased in trabecular meshwork= clogged channels
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primary open angle glaucoma
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the s/s or primary open angle glaucoma develop ______. Primary open angle glaucoma may even be ________>
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slowly.
asymptomatic |
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"tunnel vision" is a s/e of :
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primary open angle
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pupil dilation causes peripheral buldging of the iris which covers the trabecular meshwork and blocks outflow
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primary angle closure
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s/s of primary angle closure glaucoma are:
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sudden, excruitiating pain
n/v colored halos blurred vision ocular redness corneal edema |
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Secondary glaucoma is caused by:
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trauma
neoplasma ocular/systemic conditions |
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abnormal functioning of angle from birth
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congenital glaucoma
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The s/s of chronic open-angel and subacute angle closure:
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gradual blurred vision
colored halos ocular redness eye/brow pain |
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This type of glaucoma is an emergency that requires IV meds and iridotomy
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acute angle closure
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Glaucoma: diagnostic studies:
1. measurement of ___ and of ____ via ___ _______ 2.assessment of ______ vision 3. examination of ______ _____ for ________ |
1. IOP/Angle/slit lamp
2. peripheral 3. optic disc/cupping |
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3 types of txt for glaucoma:
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-keep IOP low to prevent optic nerve damage
-pharmaceutical agents -surgery |
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6 types of medications for glaucoma are:
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b blockers
adrenergics cholinergics/miotics pilocarpine carbonic anhydrase inhibitors hyperosmolar agents |
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Surgery available for certain glaucoma that includes a laser around trabecular meshwork, which opens outflow channels
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Argon Laser trabeculoplasty (ALT)
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__________: filtering procedure. Conjunctival and scleral flaps are created, trabecular meshwork is removed.
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trabeculectomy
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what surgical procedure is used for acute angle closure glaucoma, to decrease the IOP fast?
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iridotomy
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Glaucoma nsg care: teach prevention. Teach about screening:
q___-___yrs 40-64 years old q___-___yrs 65+ years old more freq. screenings with ____, ___ |
2-4
1-2 family hx/african americans |
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90% of eye trauma is preventable with ______ _____
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protective gear
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name some types of eye trauma: (5)
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blunt, penetrating, chemical exposure, thermal injury or foreign bodies.
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Eye trauma: Nursing interventions
1. ______ foreign object 2. cover with ____, _____ patch 3. irrigate immediately with what? (continue until emergency staff arrives) 4. no pressure should be put on eye. advise pt. not to: |
1. stabilize
2. dry / sterile 3. NS or H20 4. blow nose |
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what type of med is given to a pt. with eye trauma?
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Analgesics
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infection of the sebaceous glands-lid margins
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hordeolum aka sty
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what is usually the bacteria that causes a sty?
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staph aureus
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s/s of sty:
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red
swollen tender |
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txt for hordeolum
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warm moist compress QID
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inflammation of the sebaceous glands
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chalazion
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_________ may evolve into hordeolum.
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chalazion
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s/s of chalazion:
usually affects the ____ lid |
swollen, nontendor, red
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txt for chalazion:
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Warm moist compresses
surgical removal corticosteroids into chronic lesion |
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infection/inflammation of conjunctiva
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conjunctivitis
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common, chronic bilateral inflammation of lid margins
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blepharitis
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blepharitis is caused by _______
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staph
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s/s of blepharitis are:
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red rimmed/crusty lids and lashes
itching burning photophobia |
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can be bacterial, viral, chlamydial
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conjunctivitis
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s/s of conjunctivitis are:
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irritation, tearing, redness, burning, mucopurulent d/c, photophobia
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what prevents the spread of conjunctivitis?
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handwashing, abx drops
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inflammation or infection of cornea
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keratitis
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keratitis can be ___,_____ or _____
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bacterial
viral fungal |
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it the keratits involves conjunctiva it is called:
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keratoconjunctivitis
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s/s of keratitis are:
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pain
photophobia redness s/s infection tearing |
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risk factors of keratitis include:
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mechanical/chemical abrasions
contact lens usage nutritional deficiencies immunocompromised contaminated products |
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corneal disorder
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keratoconus
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keratoconus is usually ______
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bilateral
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