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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which nt's inhibit aggression?
Which facilitate it? In particular, low levels of which nt (and low serum lvl's of it's breakdown product) are associated with aggression? |
5HT and GABA
Glutamate, Dopamine, NE 5HT (5-HIAA) |
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How do the following help tx aggression:
- antidepressants - benzodiazepines - antipsychotics - mood stabilizers What do low doses of alcohol and barbiturates do to aggression lvls? higher doses? |
- incr. 5HT
- increase GABA - decrease dopamine - increase GABA, decr. Glutamate decrease; increase |
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Which anatomical areas are associated with aggression?
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amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey area (PAG), VTA
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Though there may be no external evidence of injury, CT and MRI can show what in shaken baby syndrome?
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subdural hematoma, low-density brain swelling, and multifocal hemorrhage
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The positive effects of abused substances such as stimulants, opioids, and sedatives are mediated by the action of nt's such as DA acting on what?
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limbic and forebrain structures (the following are active in *all* reward systems; particular drugs might have extra):
VTA mesolimbic-mesocortical tract (MT) which projects thru the VTA to the thalamus nucleus accumbens (NA) which recieves projects from one branch of the MT prefrontal cortex, which also receives MT inpus |
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Given the following, list their effect on Dopamine:
- heroin - nicotine - cocaine - amphetamines |
- stim DA release
- stim DA release - block DA reuptake - stim DA release and block reuptake. |
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How do sedatives such as alcohol and benzodiazepines work?
LSD? PCP? |
primarily by increasing the activity of GABA.... GABA might also in turn inhibit DA.
affects 5HT b/ NMDA receptors of glutamate-gated ion channels |
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What are positive and negative reinforcement re: drug abuse?
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positive: drug abuse continues in order to gain the high
negative: drug abuse continues in order to avoid withdrawal sx. |
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What is CAGE?
What is the most *physically* dangerous of all drug classes to withdraw from? |
felt you should Cut down?
get Angry when someone comments on your drinking? feel Guilty about drinking? ever had an Eye-opener? depressants (Alcohol, benzo, barb's) |
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Which have a higher safety margin, benzodiazepines or barbiturates?
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benzo's. Barbiturates have a very low safety margin.
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What are some sx of EtOH withdrawal?
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seizures, psychotic sx, CV sx (HTN).
DT (EtOH withdrawal delirium) is extremely dangerous. |
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What is seen in newborns whose mothers abused crack while pregnant?
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hyperactivity and growth retardation.
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In what situations are amphetamines medically indicated?
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ADHD, narcolepsy, depression, health-threatening obesity.
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Nystagmus and episodes of violent behavior are associated with use of which drug?
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PCP
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LSD, PCP, cannibis, psilocybin, mescalin (from cactus), and ketamine as well as inhalants.... what kind of withdrawal sx do they cause?
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almost none.
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Time after use that the following can be detected:
- sedatives - opioids - stimulants - hallucinogens and related agents |
- 7-12 hrs for alcohol, 1-3 days for benzo/barb.
- 1-3days - 1-3 days, 7-12d in heavy cocaine users - at least 7 days for all, and some up to 28 days later. |
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How do you treat alcohol (or other sedative) abuse immediately?
- what do you do if seizures start? - what is a requirement specifically for alcohol abuse? |
hospitalization
- flumazenil to reverse the effect of benzo's - substitute long acting barb (phenobarbital) or benzo (chlordiazepoxide) in decreasing doses - IV diazepam, lorazepam, or phenobarbital if seizure occur - thiamine if they've been abusing alcohol to restore nutritional state. |
