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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is necessary for all functions of life? What is used to supply chemical reactions in cells?
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sunlight is necessary for all functions of life because it provides plants with energy which is passed on to animals. ATP s used to supply chemical reactions in the cells.
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solar
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What is photosynthesis? What is respiration?Where does each take place?
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Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells produce energy from carbohydrates. Photosynthesis- Chloroplast(thylakoid) Cellular Respiration-mitochondria
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What is ATP? Where is it generated? What is it used for?
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ATP (adenine triphosphate) is a nucleotide with 2 extra energy-storing phosphate groups. ATP is generated in mitochondria and cytoplasm. Used for chemical reactions in cells.
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What are heterotrophs? What are autotrophs?
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Heterotrophs- Organisms that get energy from food instead of direct sunlight or inorganic substances. Autotrophs- organisms that use energy from sunlight to make organic compounds.
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What are pigments? What are they used for? Who uses them?
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pigment- a substance that gives another substance or mixture it's color.
Pigments absorb only certain wavelengths and reflect all others. Provide color (in thylakoid, ;;chlorophyll a &b, carotenoid) |
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Why do substances possess color?
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because they absorb light and reflect the opposite color. Cholorphyll makes green and when the winter comes there is not as much sunlight so carotenoid shows (yellow, orange, brown).
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What is chlorophyll? What color is it? Why?
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Chlorophyll is a green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their color(green). Absorbs blue/red light and gives green and yellow.
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What are chloroplasts? Who uses them? What cellular process occurs in them?
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Chloroplast is an organelle found in plant an algae cells where photosynthesis occurs. (thylakoids are in them)
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What are grana? Where they found?
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Two or more stacks of granum. (stacks of thylakoids) located in chloroplasts.
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What are light-dependent and light independent reactions of photosynthesis?
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light-dependent reactions--first two stages dark reaction- calvin cycle
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What happens in 1st stage of photosynthesis?
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light strikes thylakoid, energy transferred to electrons, electrons replaced by splitting water molecules,H stays in thylakoid and oxygen is formed.
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What happens in 2nd stage of photosynthesis?
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excited electrons pass through thylakoid membrane, energy transfers to electrons in Chlorophyll, excited electrons in Chlorophyll are used to make ATP that will temp. store chemical energy, starts between green pigments, electrons lose some energy, lost energy pumps H ion into thylakoid, Hydrogen from H2O pumps in, h diffuses out, protein catalyzes a reaction, phosphate is added to ADP making ATP (provides energy for 3rd stage)
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What happens during Calvin cycle?
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CO2 is added to 5 carbon comp. by an enzyme= 6 carbon comp., 6 carbon splits into 6 3 carbon comp. , phophate group from ATP and electrons from NADPH are added to 3 carbon comp. which makes= 3 carbon sugar. 1 of the 3 carbon sugars mak an organic molecule like starch and sucrose. other 3 carbon sugars are used to restart initial 5 carbon comp. needed to begin Calvin Cycle.
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What is glycolosis? What does it require? What is its outcome?
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Glycolosis is the process used to break down sugar during cellular respiration. Needs enzymes and 1 3 carbon molecule of glucose, which makes 2 3 carbon pyruvates.
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What does aerobic mean? What does anaerobic mean?
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metabolic process which requires oxygen-aerobic metabolic process which doesn't require oxygen-anaerobic
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What cellular processes are aerobic? Which are anaerobic?
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aerobic= ETC anaerobic= lactic acid fermentation, alcoholic fermentation
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What does the incomplete breakdown f glucose produce?
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4 ATP and 2 NADH + 2H+
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What is the Krebs cycle? What is the electron transport chain?
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The krebs cycle is a cycle that produces electron carriers and temp. stores chemical energy.The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and make ATP.
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What is lactic acid? Where doe it originate?
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Lactic acid is caused during exercise when pyruvate in muscles is converted to lactate after muscle cells have operate w/o oxygen.
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What is Ethyl alcohol? Where does it originate?
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Ethyl alcohol is produced when pyruvate is broken down into a 2 carbon comp. through alcoholic fermentation(Carbon diox. is released) and then electrons are trans. from a molecule of NADH to the two carbon comp.
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How would our atmosphere change if all photosynthesis stop? Where on our planet does photosyn. take place? Why?
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plants andnimals would die from lack of oxygen/carbon diox. and the the chemical reaction in the atmos. can't occur becuase there would be no oxygen. Photosy. occurs all over the world cuz there is life all over the world.
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Why is grape juice sealed in vats to make wine?
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cuz grape juice goes though alcoholic fermentation and alcoholic ferm is anaerobic so the juice is sealed off.
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explain why photosy. and resp. are so closely related
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photosy. is the plant way of getting energy and resp. is the animal way of getting energy.
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what is acetl Co-enzyme A? Where is it formed? during what process?
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acetyl co-a is formed after glycolosis and before the krebs cycle after pyruvate enters the mitochondria it is formed . (pyruvate deboxylation) ..it is a molecule used in the metabolic process
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What are NADH and FADH2? Where are they formed? during what process?
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both electron carriers, mitoch., krebs cycle
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What is NADPH? Where is it formed during what process?
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an electron carrier that provides high energy elect.(needed in 3rd stage f photosy.) stroma/thylakoid
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another name for cavin cycle
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dark cycle, carbon dioxide fixtation
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explain why photosy. and resp. are described as cycle
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photosy. releases O while resp. releases CO2 (repeat each other)
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# of atp in kreb cycle
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2
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3 of atp after aerobic ETC
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32
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# of ATP after glycolosis
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2
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