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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. What is myocarditis?
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a. Damage to the myocardium secondary to inflammatory processes
b. Inflammation is the cause of the injury, not the response |
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2. What are the symptoms of myocarditis?
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a. Arrhythmia
b. Sudden cardiac death c. CHF |
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3. What are the MCC of infectious viral myocarditis?
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a. Coxsackie A/B
b. CMV c. HIV d. Echovirus |
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4. What are the MCC of infectious bacterial myocarditis?
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a. Group A strep
b. Diphtheria c. Meningococcus d. B. burgdorferi |
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5. What protozoa/helminths most often cause myocarditis?
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a. T. cruzi
b. T. spiralis |
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6. What are the immune-mediated causes of myocarditis?
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a. Post-viral
b. Poststreptococcal c. Systemic lupus d. Drug hypersensitivity or cardiotoxicity e. Transplant rejections |
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7. What are the signs of the active phase of myocarditis?
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a. Heart may be dilated or normal
b. **Lymphocyte** infiltration most common c. Focal myocyte necrosis |
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8. What are the signs of hypersensitivity myocarditis?
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a. Significant numbers of neutrophils
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9. What are the signs of giant cell myocarditis?
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a. Infiltrate made up of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, eosinophils, and multinucleated giant cells
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10. What are the signs of chagas disease?
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a. Amastigotes of T. cruzi
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11. What are the signs of the chronic phase of myocarditis?
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a. Infiltrates resolve OR
b. Progressive fibrosis |
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12. What is cardiomyopathy?
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a. Major structural abnormalities limited to the myocardium
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13. What is the appearance of dilated cardiomyopathy?
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a. Gradual ventricular dilation
b. Minor hypertrophy c. Flabby, large heart |
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14. What are the symptoms of DCM?
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a. Decreased contractile function of the ventricles
b. Chamber dilation out of proportion to any hypertrophy c. Biventricular dilation |
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15. What are the causes of DCM?
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a. Infectious myocarditis
b. Toxins c. Metabolic disorders d. Genetic abnormalities e. Immunologic disorders f. Peripartum state g. Infiltrative lesions |
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16. What is the prognosis of a DCM patient?
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a. Fewer than 50% survive more than 5 years after onset if no heart transplant
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17. What is the appearance of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
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a. Heart is heavy, muscular, hypercontractile, and poorly compliant
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18. What is the cause of HCM?
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a. Mutation of the myosin heavy chain gene
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19. What are the symptoms of HCM?
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a. Dyspnea
b. Angina c. Syncope d. Sudden ventricular fibrillation/death |
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20. What is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes?
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a. HCM
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21. What is the appearance of RCM?
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a. Abnormally rigid, but not thickened, ventricles
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22. What causes RCM?
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a. Amyloidosis→ MCC in non-tropical countries
b. Endomyocardial fibrosis c. Loeffler endocarditis |
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23. What causes pericardial effusion?
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a. Inflammation→ exudates
b. Non-inflammatory conditions→ transudates c. Increased capillary permeability→ hypothyroidism d. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure→ CHF e. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure→ cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome |
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24. What is a transudate?
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a. Low cell count
b. Low protein |
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25. What is an exudate?
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a. Higher cell count
b. High protein concentration |
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26. What is the MCC of pericardial effusion?
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a. CHF
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27. What are the results of cardiac tamponade?
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a. Hypotensive shock
b. Death |
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28. What is the most common type of acute pericarditis?
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a. Fibrinous/serofibrinous
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29. What can cause fibrinous/serofibrinous acute pericarditis?
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a. MI
b. Uremia c. CXR d. Rhematic fever e. SLE f. Trauma |
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30. What is the audible hallmark of fibrinous pericaridits?
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a. Friction rub
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31. What is a common sequel to fibrinous/serofibrinous pericarditis?
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a. Pericardial adhesions
b. Adhesive or constrictive pericarditis |
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32. What are the MCC of serous pericarditis?
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a. Rheumatic fever
b. SLE c. Scleroderma d. Tumors e. Uremia |
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33. Where is inflammation present in serous pericarditis?
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a. Epicardial fat
b. Inflammation mostly lymphocytes |
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34. What is the appearance of suppurative pericarditis?
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a. Exudate=thin cloudy fluid to pus
b. Serosal surface reddened, granular, and coated with exudate c. NEUTROPHILS |
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35. What is the MCC of hemorrhagic pericarditis?
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a. Malignancies
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36. What is the consequence of adhesive mediastinopericarditis?
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a. Obliteration of pericardial sac
b. Parietal layer tethered to mediastinal tissue |
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37. What is the consequence of constrictive pericarditis?
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a. Thick, dense fibrous obliteration of pericardial sac
b. Can have calcification |
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38. What types of vasculitis affect large vessels?
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a. Giant cell arteritis
b. Takayasu arteritis |
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39. What type of vasculitis affects medium vessels?
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a. Polyarteritis nodosa
b. Kawasaki disease |
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40. What type of vasculitis affects small vessels?
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a. Wegener granulomatosis
b. Churg-Strauss syndrome c. Microscopic polyangitis |
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41. What is the most common form of vasculitis in the elderly in the US?
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a. Giant cell (temporal) arteritis
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42. What vessels are most often affected by temporal arteritis?
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a. Cranial vessels
b. Aortic arch |
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43. What are the symptoms of temporal arteritis?
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a. Headache, visual disturbances
b. Facial pain c. Jaw claudication while chewing d. Flu-like symptoms |
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44. What is Takayasu arteritis?
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a. Chronic granulomatous vasculitis
b. Involves aorta and major branches with distal narrowing |
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45. What population is most affected by Takayasu arteritis?
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a. Asian or African females
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46. What are the ssx of Takayasu arteritis?
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a. Ocular disturbances
b. Neurologic symptoms c. Upper extremity pulselessness |
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47. What is polyarteritis nodosa?
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a. Systemic disease characterized by necrotizing vasculitis of small-medium sized arteries
b. In kidney, heart, liver, and GI tracts |
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48. What population is most affected by PAN?
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a. Young adults
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49. With what disorders is PAN associated?
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a. Chronic hepatitis
b. Immune complex redeposition |
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50. What is the MCC of acquired heart disease in children?
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a. Kawasaki disease
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51. What are the ssx of Kawasaki disease?
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a. Fever
b. Edema of extremities c. Rash d. Palmar/plantar erythema e. LAD |
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52. What is microscopic angiitis?
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a. Necrotizing vasculitis of arterioles, capillaries, and venules
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53. What is the triad of presentation of Wegener’s Granulomatosis?
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a. Acute necrotizing granulomas in URT, lungs, and kidneys
b. Necrotizing vasculitis of medium and small vessels c. Glomerulonephritis |
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54. What presents with the saddle nose deformity?
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a. Wegener’s granulomatosis
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55. How do you differentiate between c-ANCA and p-ANCA in Wegener’s granulomatosis?
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a. C is for coughing
b. P is for peeing |
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a. What population is affected by Buerger’s disease?
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i. Young men who smoke
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57. What are the most common causes of infectious vasculitis?
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a. Aspergillus
b. Mucor |
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58. What is the presentation of Raynaud’s disease?
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a. Paroxysmal cyanosis of digits, hands, feet, tip of nose, ears
b. White→ blue→ red |
