Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1. What is the usual cause of death in myocardial infarction?
|
a. Infarct-induced ectopic focus
b. Sends heart into fibrillation |
|
|
2. What is a type I MI?
|
a. Spontaneous syndrome
|
|
|
3. What is a type II MI?
|
a. Infarction secondary to ischemia
b. Due to increased oxygen demand or decreased supply |
|
|
4. What is a type III MI?
|
a. Sudden, unexpected cardiac death
|
|
|
5. What are types 4a, 4b, and 5 MI?
|
a. MI associated with various procedures
|
|
|
6. What are the elements of an MI dx?
|
a. **Rise and fall of biochemical markers indicative of myocardial necrosis AND 1 of the following:
b. → ST changes, new Q waves c. Chest pain characteristic of AMI d. Imaging evidence of myocardium loss or regional wall motion abnormality |
|
|
7. What chest pain is characteristic of an MI?
|
a. Discomfort in chest, epigastric region, arm, wrist, and jaw
b. Lasts at least 20 minutes, may be shorter c. May develop centrally and radiate |
|
|
8. With what symptoms can MI chest pain be associated?
|
a. Dyspnea
b. Diaphoresis c. Nausea d. Vomiting e. Lightheadedness |
|
|
9. How can an MI present in females?
|
a. Upper abdominal pain
b. Dyspnea c. Nausea d. Fatigue |
|
|
10. What can be absent in an MI in diabetic patients?
|
a. Chest pain
|
|
|
11. What does hypoxia cause in the heart muscle during an MI?
|
a. Cell death
b. Lysis c. Spillage of enzymes into circulation |
|
|
12. What enzymes are assayed for an MI?
|
a. CK
b. LD |
|
|
13. What is the relationship between amount of serum enzymes and severity of MI?
|
a. The greater the levels of enzymes, the greater the extent of myocardial damage
b. The higher the level of enzymes, the lower the chance of survival |
|
|
14. What are the different subtypes of LD?
|
a. LD1- HHHH
b. LD2- MHHH c. LD3- MMHH d. LD4- MMMH e. LD5 MMMM |
|
|
15. Where are the different subtypes of LD found?
|
a. 1- Heart, kidney, RBC
b. 2- Heart, kidney, RBC c. 3- Lung, spleen d. 4- Liver, kidney, brain, skeletal muscle e. 5- Skeletal muscle, liver |
|
|
16. What LD subtypes are especially elevated in cardiac muscle?
|
a. LD2 and LD1
b. LD2>LD1 |
|
|
17. What is the LD1:LD2 proportion in normal serum?
|
a. LD1>LD2
|
|
|
18. When does LD peak after an MI?
|
a. 2 days after onset of chest pain
b. Remains elevated for 10-14 days |
|
|
19. What are the major types of CK?
|
a. MM
b. MB c. BB |
|
|
20. Where are the major types of CK found?
|
a. MM- skeletal and cardiac muscle; major form
b. MB- cardiac muscle, trace in skeletal c. BB- brain; only isoform in CSF |
|
|
21. When will CK be elevated in relationship to MI?
|
a. 3 to 4 hours after onset of chest pain
b. 12-24 hours most sensitive and specific for MI |
|
|
22. How do you calculate the CK index?
|
a. (CK-MB)/total CK
|
|
|
1. What does an elevated CK index indicate?
|
a. CK-MB is probably cardiac as opposed to skeletal
|
|
|
24. What does a high CK-MB with a low CK index indicate?
|
a. Other muscular damage
|
|
|
25. What is elevated in a subendocardial infarction?
|
a. Large amounts of CK2 (MB) are released
|
|
|
26. What leads to necrosis in a subendocardial infarction?
|
a. Oxygen free radicals
|
|
|
27. What is released in a total occlusion of the coronary arteries?
|
a. Lower levels of MB
b. Appear later, remain subsequently elevated |
|
|
28. When will myoglobin levels be elevated after an MI?
|
a. 1-3 hours
b. **Not a specific marker |
|
|
29. What does the presence of cTnt and cTnI indicate?
|
a. Myocardial insult
|
|
|
30. When does cTnT appear after an MI? Peak? How long does it remain elevated?
|
a. Increase at 3-4 hours after MI
b. Peak at 10-24 hours c. Remain elevated for 10-14 days |
|
|
31. When does cTnI appear after an MI? Peak? How long does it remain elevated?
|
a. Increase 4-6 hours after MI
b. Peak at 10-24 hours c. Remain elevated for 4-7 days |
|
|
32. What is the dx value of MB?
|
a. Reinfarction
|
|
|
33. What is the dx value of CK-MB?
|
a. Early thrombolytic tx
|
|
|
34. What is the dx value of cTnI and cTnT?
|
a. All types of insult
|
|
|
35. What is the dx value of LD1?
|
a. Late-admitted patients
|
|
|
36. What enzyme is elevated in 100% of MI patients?
|
a. LD1
|
|
|
37. What is the usefulness of an LD1 test?
|
a. Dx of an MI which might have occurred several days earlier
b. May not have resulted in immediate hospitalizations c. **CONSIDERED A CONFIRMATORY TEST** |
|
|
38. A patient has had an MI if he/she has an elevated CK-MB/CK index and…
|
a. 1+ elevated cardiac marker
|
|
|
39. What is the dx value of myoglobin?
|
a. Early dx marker for AMI
b. Reinfarction of a patient with previously confirmed MI or surgery-induced infarct |
|
|
40. How high to cTn levels rise in classic AMI?
|
a. 20 to 50 times
|
