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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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behavior genetics |
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior |
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chromosomes |
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes |
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes |
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environment |
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us |
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epigenetics |
the study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change |
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fraternal twins |
twins who develop from separate (dizygotic) fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment |
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genes |
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein |
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genome |
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes |
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heritability |
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied |
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identical twins |
twins who develop from a single (monozygotic) fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms |
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interaction |
the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) |
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molecular genetics |
the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes |
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temperament |
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
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evolutionary psychology |
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection |
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gender |
in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female |
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mutation |
a random error in gene replication that leads to a change |
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natural selection |
the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |
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collectivism |
giving priority to goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly |
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culture |
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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individualism |
giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications |
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norm |
an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior |
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aggression |
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
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gender identity |
our sense of being male or female |
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gender role |
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females |
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gender-typing |
the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
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role |
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
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social learning theory |
the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
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testosterone |
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty |
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transgender |
an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex |
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X chromosome |
the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child |
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Y chromosome |
the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child |
