Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the brain stem consist of?
|
-midbrain
-pons -medulla |
|
What 3 places in the CNS contain cerebrosinal fluid?
|
1-ventricles of the brain
2-subarachnoid spaces 3-central canal of the spinal cord |
|
What is the purpose of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)?
|
to cushion the brain and spinal cord
|
|
4 irregular fluid filled cavities located within the brain
|
Ventricular System
|
|
extends from the medulla thru the foramen magnum to the level of the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebra
|
Spinal Cord
|
|
How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord?
|
31
|
|
The spinal nerves are transmitted through what part of the vertebra?
|
Intervertebral foramina
|
|
What position must a patient be in inorder to see the IVF in the T-spine?
|
lateral
|
|
What position must a patient be in inorder to see the IVF in the T-spine?
|
lateral
|
|
What position must a patient be in inorder to see the IVF in the C-spine?
|
patient must be in a 45 degree obliqued position and if in the AP position the side of would be demonstrated
|
|
What position must a patient be in inorder to see the zygopophyseal joints in the T-spine?
|
patient obliqued 70 degrees and demonstrates side up when in the AP position
|
|
What position must a patient be in inorder to see the zygopophyseal joints in the c-spine?
|
lateral
|
|
What position must a patient be in inorder to see the zygopophyseal joints in the l-spine?
|
patient obliqued 45 degrees and side down in demonstrated in the AP position
|
|
CONUS MEDULLARIS
|
pointed end of the cord
|
|
CAUDA EQUINA "horses tail"
|
large number or nerve roots extending from the conus to the coccyx
|
|
acts as a liquid buffer to absorb and distribute external and internal forces endangering the brain and cord
|
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
|
|
Where is CSF produced?
|
within the brain by choroid plexuses (network of capillaries)
|
|
circulates freely through the ventricles, the subarachnoid space around the brain, and the spinal cord
|
CSF
|
|
Name the 4 ventricles.
|
1-lateral ventricle
2-lateral ventricle 3-third ventricle 4-fourth venticle |
|
Where are the 2 lateral venticles located?
|
located in each cerebral hemisphere
|
|
What connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?
|
the foramen of Monroe
|
|
Where is the third ventricle located?
|
located between the two thalami
|
|
What connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?
|
the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
|
|
Where is the fourth ventricle located?
|
located posterior to the pons
|
|
What connects the fourth ventricle to the spinal canal?
|
the foramen of Magendie (medial) and the foramen of Lushka (lateral)
|
|
Which ventricle is the largest?
|
lateral ventrical
|
|
Which ventricle is the most superior?
|
lateral ventricals
|
|
Which ventricle is the most medial?
|
3rd ventricle
|
|
Which ventricle is the most inferior?
|
4th ventricle
|
|
Which ventricle is the most posterior?
|
4th ventricle
|
|
b/w the periosteum of the cranium/vertebrae and the dura mater layer
|
Epidural space
|
|
strong, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges
|
Dura Mater
|
|
layers that cover the brain and spinal cord
|
Meninges
|
|
List the meninges layers from outer to inner including the spaces.
|
OUTER
-epidural space -dura mater layer -subdural space -arachnoid layer -subarachnoid space -pia mater layer INNER |
|
divides the dura mater layer and the arachnoid layer
|
subdural space
|
|
delicate, weblike inner layer of the meninges
|
Arachnoid layer
|
|
divides the arachnoid layer and the pia mater layer
|
subarachnoid space
|
|
Of the meninges layers and spaces where does CSF circulate at?
|
subarachnoid space
|
|
inner, vascular coating; adheres directly to brain and cord
|
Pia mater layer
|
|
During a lumbar puncture where does the doctor stick the needle?
|
b/w L2/L3 or L3/L4
|
|
During a LP or a myelogram where is the contrast injected?
|
the subarachnoid space
|
|
strong fibrocartilaginous structures; provide powerful bonds and elastic buffers;
|
intervertebral disks
|
|
What percentage of the length of the vertebral column does the intervertebral disks account for?
|
25%
|
|
inner pulpy semi-gelatinous layer of the intervertebral disk
|
Nucleus pulposus
|
|
outer fibrous covering of the intervertebral disk
|
Annulus fibrosus
|
|
What are the 2 layers of the intervertebral disk?
|
1-annulus fibrosus
2-nucleus pulposus |
|
What does HNP stand for?
|
Herniated nucleus pulposus
|
|
What is the most common pathologic finding of myelography?
|
HNP (herniated nucleus pulposus)
|
|
If the HNP bulges posterior what does it hit?
|
spinal cord and causes numbness
|
|
If the HNP bulges right or left what does it hit?
|
spinal nerves and causes pain
|
|
If the HNP bulges anterior what does it hit?
|
nothing
|
|
is performed to study the spinal canal, spinal cord, and nerve roots through the introduction of contrast media via lumbar puncutre
|
Myelography
|
|
Where is the contrast injected during a Myelogram?
|
into the subarachnoid space
|
|
When the contrast is injected into the subarachnoid space during a myelogram what does this allow the radiologist to visualize?
|
allows visualization of the contours of the canal and cord to distinguish pathology
|
|
Name indications for myelography. (14)
|
1-HNP
2-degenerative disk disease 3-benign or malignant tumors 4-bone fragments from trauma 5-spondylosis 6-spondylolisthesis 7-spinal stenosis 8-failed open back surgery 9-foraminal stenosis 10-radiculitis 11-radiculopathy 12-sciatica 13-bone spurs 14-whiplash |
|
osteoarthritic changes causing spurs to form and compress nerve roots
|
Spondylosis
|
|
breaking down of articular facets causing foward slippage of the vertebra
|
Spondylolisthesis
|
|
narrowing of the lumbar spine that produces pressure on the nerve roots resulting in sciatica
|
SPINAL STENOSIS
|
|
inflammation of the nerve root
|
Radiculitis
|
|
a pathological condition of the nerve roots
|
Radiculopathy
|
|
pain along the course of a sciatic nerve
|
sciatica
|
|
herniation of the pulpy inner layer of the disk into the spinal canal
|
HNP
|
|
What are some causes of HNP?
|
-pressure from bending or lifting
-trauma resulting in fracture |
|
What is the most common cause of HNP?
|
trauma resulting in fracture of the annulus fibrosus with a herniation or escape of the inner nucleus pulposus layer
|
|
What are 6 symptoms of HNP?
|
1-numbness
2-pain 3-burning sensation 4-occurs in the extremities 5-may be temporary or intermittent symptoms 6-acute or chronic |
|
short-term
|
acute
|
|
long-term
|
chronic
|
|
What are the 2 treatments for a herniated disc?
|
-conservative or non-operative
-surgical |
|
What types of medications may be offered to patients with a herniated disc?
|
-non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory medication (motrin, advil, nuprin)
|
|
Name some different surgical procedures that may be used for a surgical herniated disc repair (8)
|
1-microdiscectomy
2-cervical discectomy 3-lumbar discectomy 4-thoracic discectomy 5-laser spine surgery 6-lasery discectomy 7-laminectomy 8-spinal fusion |
|
surgical removal of herniated disc materical that presses on nerve roots or the spinal cord
|
discectomy
|
|
A surgical procedure in which the posterior arch of a vertebra is removed.
|
laminectomy
|
|
A surgical procedure in which two or more of the vertebrae in the spine are united together so that motion no longer occurs between them.
|
Spinal fusion
|
|
Name some contraindications that may occur during a myelogram? (5)
|
1-severe contrast allergy
2-taking phenothiazines (lowers seizure threshold 3-blood thinners 4-antibiotics for infection 5-increased intracranial pressure |
|
During a spinal puncture where is the spinal needle placed by the radiologist?
|
into the subarachnoid space
|
|
Where is the common injection site for a spinal puncture?
|
around L3-L4 interspace
|
|
How is the flow of CSF controlled inorder to reach each level of the spine (C/T/L)?
|
angulation of the table
|
|
What must the patient do during a cervical and thoracic myelogram inorder to prevent spillage into the ventricles.
|
they must hyperextend their neck
|
|
What happen if spillage in the ventricles occurs?
|
It could cause seizures
|
|
What are some complications that could occur during a myelogram? (5)
|
1-headache/nausea
2-subarachnoid bleeding 3-seizures 4-temporary pain due to position 5-CSF leakage through injection site causing headache/dizziness/nausea |
|
What must a patient do if they experience CSF leakage through injection site?
|
they must undergo a blood patch procedure to stop CSF leakage with patients own blood
|
|
How many degrees must the patient keep his/her head for the first 12 hours after a myelogram and then the remaining 12 hours? The next day?
|
1st 12 hours: elevated 30-45 degrees
2nd 12 hours: flat following day: bed rest no lifting/bending; increase liquids *allows slow uptake of contrast into the system* |
|
When can a myelogram patient resume normal activity?
|
after 48 hours
|
|
What do you see when taking plain films of the spine?
|
1-arthritic changes
2-post operative 3-metastatic disease |
|
What does a CT of the spine show?
|
CT defines the dimesions of the bony canal (stenosis) and lateral encroachment
|
|
What is CTM?
|
CT after intrathecal contrast injection
|
|
What does CTM of the spine show?
|
size, shape, position of spinal cord and nerve roots
|
|
What does a MRI of the spine show?
|
provides excellent images of the spinal cord, nerve roots, and CSF
(cord compression, HNP, tumors, metastases) |
|
radiologic study of soft tissue structures of synovial joints
|
arthrography
|
|
What are some things that you can view with an arthrogram? (8)
|
1-menisci
2-ligaments 3-tendons 4-bursa sacs 5-articular cartilage 6-rotator cuff 7-anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments 8-synovial capsules |
|
bone to bone
|
ligaments
|
|
muscle to bone
|
tendon
|
|
cartilage
|
menisci
|
|
What are some things that you take arthrograms of? (5)
|
1-knee
2-shoulder 3-hip 4-wrist 5-TMJ |
|
What are some things that an arthrogram of the shoulder would show? (3)
|
1-rotator cuff tears
2-persistant pain or weakness 3-frozen shoulder |
|
What are some things an arthrogram of the knee would show? (5)
|
1-pain
2-swelling 3-torn menisci 4-ligament damage 5-capsular damage |
|
What are some things an arthrogram of the hip would demonstrate? (3)
|
1-pain
2-check for infection 3-check for loose prosthesis |
|
What are some things an arthrogram of the TMJs would demonstrate? (2)
|
1-pain
2-headaches |
|
What are some things an arthrogram of the wrist would demonstrate? (3)
|
1-limited movement
2-pain 3-trauma |
|
What are some contraindications of an arthrogram study? (3)
|
1-allergy to contrast
2-allergy to anestheic 3-infection in or near the joint *always check to see if patient is on blood thinners* |
|
What is the pre-procedural care for an arthrogram study? (6)
|
1-clincal hx
2-allergy hx 3-check for infection, blood thinners, current medications 4-explain procedure to include risks 5-informed consent signed by MD and patient 6-Verification of procedure form completed and signed by Tech |
|
What are some risks that are involved during a arthrogram? (3)
|
1-infection
2-bleeding 3-reaction to contrast |
|
What is the general procedure for a arthrogram study? (6)
|
1-sterile arthrogram tray set-up
2-scout film performed of area 3-radiologist marks joint under fluoro 4-area is cleaned (asceptic technique) and sterile drape applied 5-anesthetic, 22 gauge arthrogram needle inserted and contrast is adminstered 6-routine radiographs are performed |
|
What are the post-procedural care for a arthrogram study?
|
1-apply bandaid
2-may experience some pain at joint 3-call MD if pain increases 4-keep "pain log" if steroid or anesthetic was injected for pain management |
|
When do you instruct a patient to use a pain log?
|
when a steroid or an anestheic is injected during an arthrogram for pain management
|
|
What are some radiographic findings during a arthrogram study of the knee?
|
torn menisci and capsular tears
|
|
What are some radiographic findings during a arthrogram study of the shoulder?
|
rotator cuff muscle tears
|
|
What are some radiographic findings during a arthrogram study of the wrist?
|
intrinsic and extrinsic tears in the wrist ligaments
|
|
What are some radiographic findings during a arthrogram study of the hip?
|
prosthesis dislocation or infection
|
|
radiographic study of the salivary glands of the mouth?
|
Sialography
|
|
Name the 3 salivary glands
|
1-parotid
2-submandibular (submaxillary) 3-sublingual |
|
Which salivary gland is the largest?
|
parotid
|
|
Where is contrast injected during a sialogram?
|
into each duct of the glands
|
|
Where are the parotid glands located?
|
located anterior to each mastoid tip
|
|
How many parotid glands are there?
|
2
|
|
What duct is associated with the parotid gland?
|
stenson duct
|
|
What is the most common duct?
|
stenson duct
|
|
How many submandibular glands are there?
|
2
|
|
Where are the submandibular glands located?
|
located inferior to each mandibular body
|
|
What duct is associated with the submandibular gland?
|
Wharton's duct
|
|
How many sublingual glands are there?
|
1
|
|
Where is the sublingual gland located?
|
located under the tongue
|
|
What duct is associated with the sublingual gland?
|
Duct of Rivinus
|
|
What indications might cause a sialogram to be ordered?
|
1-inflammatory lesions
2-pain and swelling 3-obstruction (Stone or tumor) 4-palpable mass |
|
What might be a contraindication for a sialogram exam?
|
mumps (parotitis)
|
|
What are mumps?
|
parotitis (inflammation of the parotid gland)
|
|
What is a sialogogue?
|
secretory stimulant such as a lemon
|
|
What does biting a lemon do during a sialogram study?
|
stimulates dilation of the ducts
|
|
Where is the small needle or catheter placed during a sialogram study?
|
into the duct
|
|
introduction of a radiopaque contrast media through a uterine cannula or catheter to determine size, shape, and position of the uterus and fallopian tubes
|
hysterosalpingogram
|
|
fluoroscopic study showing patency of uterine tubes
|
HSG
|
|
What are some indications that may cause a doctor to order a HSG? (6)
|
1-infertiliy
2-habitual abortions (miscarriage) 3-abnormal uterine bleeding 4-absence of menses 5-blockage of uterine tubes 6-to delineate polyps, tumor masses, or fistulous tracts |
|
What are some HSG contraindications?
|
1-PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
2-uterine bleeding 3-questionable pregnancy 4-too close to premenstrual or post menstrual phase 5-allergy to contrast or latex |
|
When must an HSG be performed?
|
within 10 days of the onset of menstruation (day 5-10)
|
|
What position is the patient placed in for a HSG?
|
lithotomy position
|
|
What are some HSG findings?
|
1-congenital abnormalities
2-diverticula 3-dilated tubes 4-adhesions (scar tissue) 5-obstruction 6-fibroid tumors or polyps 7-retroversion or anteversion of the uterus |