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34 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Do fungi have chlorophyll?

No



Most fungi are?

Decomposers

How do fungi obtain nutrients?

They break down nutrients bound in large bundles such as leaves, stem, roots with exoenzymes, into smaller molecules.

Do all fungi degrade the same stuff?

No, different fungi have different abilities to degrade different stuff

How do fungi release their enzymes into the environment, and how do small molecules enter the fungi?

Fungi release their enzymes to the environment through vacuoles located at the hyphal tip. Small molecules enter the fungi through the hypha a bit farther back

What are the pioneer decomposers that are fungi?

Mycena marasmius

How do the mycena marasmius work?

They are responsible for most of the leaf decomposition, they have small mycelia that sew together leaf litter so it doesn't get washed away rain.

What can some decomposing fungi do?

They can form extensive mycelia mats that decompose a variety of organic matter over several years in a specific area.



What do fairy rings refer to?

just a circle of mushrooms



What do grassland fairy rings do and where can they be seen?

They either will kill vegetation or enhance it and they can be seen from aerial views.

What is an example of a grassland fairy ring and what does this one do?

Leucopaxillus kills off large swatches in grasslands

What is the humongous fungous?

Armillaria ostoyae, it is found in the blue mountains of oregon, covers an area of 10 square Km, is 2-8000 years old, and is in the liste of the top ten largest and oldest organisms in the world

Wood decaying fungi, what are the main components found in wood and why are they difficult to break down, can fungi break them down?

Main components found in wood cellulose and lignin; they are difficult to break down as they are structurally stable compounds, although some fungi have the appropiate enzymes to break them down.

Decomposers of cellulose causes what to wood?

Brown rots of wood, into cubical pieces

wood decaying fungi that have enzymes that break down lignin cause what?

White rot, it leaves a loose texture white wood after decomposition

Other decayers of wood can produce many other colors such as orange, blue

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What happens when two species of fungi that are decaying wood meet?

A black line separates the two called a barricade, which seals of resources from the competitor

Where do the mycelia from the fungi infecting the tree go?

The mycelia follow the tubes in the tree (vessels, tracheids). We can slice a tree and trace the mycelia

After 2 weeks of fungi in dung what occurs?

Spores from pilobolus, and other zygomycota are being produced, follow by cup fungi(ascomycota), followed by agarics(basidiomycota)

Why are do so many species occur on dung?

Because there is a lot of organic material being deposited.

What are some unusual places in which decaying fungi *they occur from 0-50 degrees* can be found?


dry rot fungus found=?


hyphal cords(clusters of mycelia) found=?


Found in moutains, where?

-Dry rot fungus is found in houses(Serpula lacrymans, brown spored relative of boletes)


-Hyphal cords can transport water around and thus attack dry wood in houses, can grow through brick walls disolving mortar with acid secretions


-Found under snowbanks on mountains

In the 1960s, something was clogging fuel pumps and filtres of airplanes, what was it caused by?

It was caused by a mixture of bacteria and fungi, causing water droplets and decomposing fuel.


It was mostly caused by a mould called Cladosporium resinae(kerosene fungus)



What is cladosporium resinae controlled by now?

It is controlled by fungicides

Camera equipment:




tropics


a number of species


mycelia growing on lens coating of camera lenses


old slides and films as well

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What are mycorrhizal fungi and what do they do?

They are a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a plant. The hyphae of the fungus become extensions of the roots. They help obtain water and nutrients for the host plant, and in return obtain large quantities of sugar. Majority of plants rely on fungus, and many fungi rely on plants

There are two main types of mycorrhizal fungi, what are they?

They are ectomycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.



Where are ectomycorrhizal fungi mostly found and from what family do they include?

Temperate, boreal forests. Found in Ascomycota(Helvella, Peziza), and Basidiomycota(Amanita)

Where are they located the ectomycorhiza fungi?

They enter the root tips and lie between the walls of the outer cells

How does it work?

Living trees send in roots to decaying trunks. They form mycorrhizal relationships with fungi, the fungi slurps up nutrients in the decaying trunks, as wood decaying fungi are decomposing the trunk.

Trees can form many different fungal partners, and fungi can have many different hosts. Different trees in a forest can form complex networks of nutrient exchange, for example sugars from larger older trees can flow into growing saplings. Nutrients can also flow between different fungi. John muir: Everything is connected to everything else

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How do arbuscular mycorrhizae work?

They form connections between a wide range of plants, but only few fungal species. They are from the phylum glomeromycota.


Arbuscules are formed in the cells of root, they penetrate into roots and into cells. They are not obvious from an external view of the root.

Arbuscular mycorrizae


-Found in most major groups of plants


-Not in mustard or goosefoot families of plants


-Especially important in furnishing phosphorous to plants


-Most of our food crops depend on these fungi


-Cereals, vegetables, fruit trees

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Lichenized fungi




-Mostly Ascomycota in the class Lecanoromycetes


-Photobionts: most green algae and cyanobacteria


-Fungus is incharge


-Builds tissue(thallus)


-Houses the photobiont


-Protects the photobiont against drought and UV light


-Photobiont(genus Trexbouxia) produces sugars for the fungus


-Lichens: can grow with a minimum of nutrients(few mm per year)



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Parasitic fungi:




-One way traffic


-Fungi utilize nutrients from the host; give nothing back


-Rusts, smuts


-Can keep host alive(rust on leaves)


-Or can kill the host(absorb all dem nutrients)


-Root rotters: Armillaria and Heterobasidium; Cordyceps kill insects


-Rusts on leaves: agricultural crops


-Root rotters: forestry

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