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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Romantic Period
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1820-1900
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Romanticism
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• Classical forms expanded
• More use of dissonances/ instability • Orchestra grew • Expanded dynamics • Miniature and monumental compositions • Emphasis on timber and tone color • Varied in tone color |
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Nationalism
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Creation of music with a deliberate specific national identity, using folk songs, dances, legends, and history of their homelands
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Exoticism
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Music drawn from colorful material from foreign lands
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Program Music
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Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea, or scene
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Chromatic Harmony
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Use of chords not found in the prevailing major or minor scale
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Thematic Transformation
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When a melody or theme returns in a later movement or section, and its character is transformed by changes in dynamics, orchestration, or rhythm
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Romantic Composers and their public
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• Composing for self rather than occasion; “free artist”
• Writing for middle class audience • Pianos were common in almost every home • Aristocrats lost wealth and couldn’t afford musicians • Composers often had to take on multiple jobs • Music conservatories were founded |
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Art Song
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• Composition for solo voice and piano
• Fusion of poetry and music • Mood set by brief piano intro and summed up by postlude |
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Strophic Form
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Repeating the same music for each stanza of poem
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Modified strophic form
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Combination of strophic and through-composed (A= stanza 1, B=stanza 2, A=stanza 3)
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Song cycle
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Romantic art songs grouped in a set, unified by story line or musical ideas
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Franz Schubert
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• Earliest master of art song
• Born in Vienna • Wrote songs, symphonies, string quartets, sonatas, masses and operas • Genius not recognized until after his death |
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Erlkoning (The Erkling; 1815) By: Franz Schubert
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o One of the earliest examples of Romanticism
o Musical setting of narrative ballad and supernatural by Goethe o Through-composed |
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Robert Schumann
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• Works are autobiographical
• Married his piano teacher’s daughter, Clara • Early on, he published only piano pieces • 1840 (year of his marriage) he composed many art songs • After 1840- composed symphonies and chamber music |
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Clara Wieck Schuman
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• Child prodigy; father was piano teacher
• Wife of Robert Schumann • Premiered works by her husband and Brahms • Liebst du um Schonheit (If you Love Beauty; 1841) |
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Frederick Chopin
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• Only composer to write almost exclusively for piano
• Pieces performed in aristocratic salons • Made a good living teaching piano to wealthy daughters • Short works- “exquisite miniatures” • Polonaise- piece in triple meter; originated as a stately dance for Polish nobility • Nocturne in E-flat major, Op.9, No. 2 By Chopin • Nocturne- night piece; slow, lyrical, intimate composition for piano |
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Franz Liszt
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• Incredible showman; piano virtuoso
• Had a way with the ladies • Creator of the symphonic poem/ tone poem- one-movement orchestral composition based on literary or pictorial ideas |
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Felix Mendelssohn
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• Brilliant pianist by age 9
• Had several compositions by age 13 • Popular works include: o concerto for violin and orchestra o Midsummer night’s dream o Elijah oratorio |
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Program Music
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• Instrumental music associated with a story, poem, idea or scene
• Draws on music’s power to suggest and evoke • Imitation of sound (birdsongs, bells, thunder, wind) • Most Romantic program music written for piano or orchestra |
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Absolute music
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nonprogram music
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Program symphony
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A symphony with a program; has several movements
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Concert overture
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o One movement, usually in sonata form
o Modeled after opera overture, but not intended to usher in a stage work o Independent composition |
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Incidental music
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o Music to be performed before and during a play
o Sets mood for certain scenes |
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Symphonic Poem/ Tone Poem
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• One-movement orechestral composition based on literary or pictorial ideas
• Can take on many forms • Developed by Franz Liszt • Most important type of program music after 1860 |
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Hector Berlioz
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• One of the first French Romantic composers
• Daring creator of new orchestral sounds • Music is unique: abrupt contrasts, fluctuating dynamics, tempo changes |
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Symphonie Fantastique (1830) by Berlioz
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o Five-movement program symphony
o Reflects Berlioz’s passion for actress, Harriet Smithson o Idee fixe- “fixed idea”- single melody that represents the beloved and appears in all 5 movements o Uses large and colorful orchestra |
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Nationalism
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• Sense of loyalty and self-sacrifice brought about during the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
• Patriotism intensified • Composers gave their work a distinctive national identity, inspired by the history, legends, and landscapes of their native lands |
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Antonin Dvorak
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o Leading composer of Czech national music
o Infused symphonies and chamber music with spirit of Bohemian folk song and dance o Encouraged American composers to write nationalistic music |
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Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
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• Most famous Russian composer
• Troubled man: disastrous marriage, attempted suicide, nervous breakdown • Musical style influenced by French, Italian, and German music, as well as Russian folk song • Best known ballets: Swan Lake (1876) and The Nutcracker (1892) |
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Johannes Brahms
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• German Romantic composer
• Created masterpieces in all forms except opera • Musical style is personal but is rooted in the music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven • Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90, 3rd movement |
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Giuseppe Verdi
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• Most popular of the opera composers
• Born in Italy • Ardent nationalist • Some popular works: o Rigoletto (1851) o Il Trovatore (1853) o La Traviata (1853) |
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Giacomo Puccini
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• created some of the best-loved operas
• some operas (particularly Tosca) reflect verismo, or “realism,” the quality of being “true to life” • operas featuring exoticism: Madama Butterfly (set in Japan), and Turandot (set in China) • la Boheme o Act 1 |
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Richard Wagner
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• Composer who had a great impact on his time
• Aside from composing, he worked on theories of art and wrote several essays • Two famous works include The Ring and Tristan and Isolde • Called his operas “musical dramas” • He used a continuous musical flow (“unending melody”) • Revolutionized opera by shifting voice to orchestra |
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Leitmotif
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(leading motives) short musical ideas associated with a person, object, or thought in a drama
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Expressionism
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• Stressed intense, subjective emotion
• Centered in Germany and Austria from 1905-1925 |
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Arnold Schoenberg
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• Born in Vienna
• Self-taught musician • Abandoned tonality and created a twelve-tone system- a systematic for of atonality which gives equal importance to each of the 12 chromatic notes • The ordering of the twelve-tone system is called a tone row, set, or series (this method sometimes called serialism) |
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Bela Bartok
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• Born in Hungary
• Music is infused with the spirit of European folk-song • Works had a tonal center, but included harsh dissonances, polychords, and tone clusters |
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Concerto for Orchestra
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o Bartok’s most popular composition
o Its premiere in Boston 1944 was a success o Showpiece for orchestra and virtuosos o Second movement: Game of Pairs |
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George Gershwin
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• American composer of popular songs, musical comedies, and jazz-flavored orchestral works and operas
• Most famous composition: o Rhapsody in Blue (1924) |
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Rhapsody
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extended musical composition that does not use a conventional form
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William Grant Still
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• Music expressed African-American culture
• Born in Mississippi, but grew up in Arkansas |
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Afro-American Symphony (1931)
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o Still’s best known work
o First composition by a black composer to be performed by a major American symphony orchestra |
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Aaron Copland
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• Leading American composer, born in Brooklyn
• Musical style went through several phases: American jazz; serious, dissonant, sophisticated works; more accessible works drawn from American folklore • Appalachian Spring, Section 7 |
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Serialism
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use of a series, or ordered group of musical elements to organize several dimensions of a composition
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Chance Music
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composers choose pitches, tone colors, and rhythms by random methods such as throwing coins
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Minimalist Music
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Characterized by steady pulse, clear tonality, and insistent repetition of short melodic patterns
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Electronic Music
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o utilizes tape studios, synthesizers, and computers
o Humanizing electronic music can be achieved by having live performers along with pre-recorded tape o Some of the taped sounds can be recordings of real performances |
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“Liberation of Sound”
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o “the right to make music with any and all sound”
o The greatest expansion and experimentation comes from percussion instruments o Microtones- intervals smaller than a half step, such as “quarter tones” o New methods of notation |
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Rhythm and Form
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o Since 1950, rhythm and form have undergone some of the most striking changes in music
o After 1945, some composers abandoned the concept of beat and meter altogether |
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Mixed Media
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o Electronic music presented together with visual counterparts
o Intended to break down the ritual surrounding traditional concerts and increase communication between composer and audience |
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Jazz
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music rooted in improvisation and characterized by syncopates rhythm, a steady beat, and unique tone colors and performance techniques
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Prepared piano
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a grand piano whose sound is altered by objects such as bolts, screw, rubber bands, pieces of felt, paper, and plastic inserted between the strings of some of the keys
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Roots of Jazz
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• Blends many cultures: West African, American, and European
• Cal and response- a voice is answered by an instrument or group is answered by another instrument or group |
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Ragtime
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• style of composed piano music developed primarily by black pianists who played in southern and Midwestern saloons and dance halls
• generally in duple meter at a moderate tempo • Scott Joplin was the “king of ragtime” and wrote “Maple Leaf Rag” and “The Entertainer” |
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Blues
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• Grew out of African American folk music, such as work songs and spirituals
• 12-bar blues: |
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Musical
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type of theater that fuses script, acting, and spoken dialogue with music, singing, and dancing and with scenery, costumes, and spectacle
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Film music
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o Synchronized with screen images
o Provides momentum and continuity o Suggests mood, atmosphere, character and dramatic action |
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Rock
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a new kind of popular music that grew out of the 1950s; tends to be vocal music with a hard, driving beat, often featuring electric guitar accompaniment and heavily amplified sound
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Soul
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1960s; emphasized its emotionality, its gospel roots, and its relationship to the black community
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Disco
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dance music that rose in the 1970s
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