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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Boethius |
-6th Century Poet, Philosopher, Teacher -Main authority in music -Music is first a science -Numberic relationships, how music controls the body and soul -Audible music |
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Tetrachord |
-building blocks of Greek music -Diatonic, Chromatic, and Enharmonic (with quartertones) |
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Doctrine of Ethos |
-idea that listening to certain types of music can change someones ethical character -closely related to Pythag. theory of imitation -habitual listening can warp someones character |
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Kithara and Aulos |
-Ancient Greek Instruments -Kithara = Large harp for professional musicians usual, with strap -Aulos+mix btw. kazoo and bagpipe sounds, two connected pipes |
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Monophonic |
-1 line of music with no harmony - usually a solo performer accompainied by instruments -no harmony/counterpoint |
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Polyphony |
-music in which voices sing together in independent parts |
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Trope |
Newly composed additions to chants -expanded exsisting chant by adding: ** -new words/music before/in btwn. phrases or -melody only adding new melsimas and expanding old ones or -text only |
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Church Modes |
-8 modes -pitch classification system -Authentic and Plagal modes |
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Cantus Firmus |
-an exsisting melody, often from gregorian chant, on which a new Polyphonic work is based; used especially for melodies presented in long notes |
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Rhythmic Modes |
-6 classified by Saint Augustine's De Musica -in 3 not 2 |
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Melismatic |
-Several notes per syllable |
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Syllabic |
-single note per syllable |
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Minnelied |
-love song -Walter von Vogelweide -monophonic -usually strophic |
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Clausula |
-a self contained section of an organum that closes with a cadence |
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Magnus Liber Organi |
-Great book of Organum composed and put together by Leoninus |
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Polyphonic Conductus |
-2 or more voices sing the same text -12th-13th century -first original polyphonic works -based on Latin poems |
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Phillipe de Vitry |
-Ars Nova treastise attributed to him -isorhythm |
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Isorhythm |
-tenor with repeated melody and rhythm -beat divided into 2 |
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Hocket |
-"hiccup" - rapid exchange of rests and notes |
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Francesco Landini |
-leading Trecento (italian age) composer -lots of harmonies -Landini Cadence >upper voice descends a step before leaping up a third then resolving |
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Ars Subtilior |
-subtler arts -very complex rhythms -for highbrow audiences |
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Musica Ficta |
-"false music" -duty of performer to add in accidentals where they see fit - |
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Rebec |
-Medival fiddle |
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Greater Perfect System |
-composed of 4 stacked tetrachords -ancient greece |
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-Lyre -Female -No pulse |
1.Epitaph of Seikilos |
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-Monophoic -Men Singers -No pulse -Latin |
2.Antiphon:Tecum principum |
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-Drone -Men +Women |
3.Ordo Virtutum - Hildegard of Bingen |
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-Almost German -Man -lute + Rebec |
4.Palastinaliede by Volgelweide |
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-pipe and tebor -instrumental |
5. La quarter |
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-Melismatic -Oddly happy sounding -two voices |
6.Jubilemus, exultemus by anon |
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-Steady pulse -Beat in 3 -Upper two voices exchange -extremely Melismatic |
7. Viderunt Omnes Perotin |
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-Counter tenor -Hocket |
8. Kyrie from Messe di Nostre by Machaut |
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-Round -Hocket -Very high upper voice |
9. Roz, Liz by Machaut |
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-3 women -Lindi Cadences |
10. Non Avra ma' pieta by Landini |
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Definition: Chant |
-verses of scripture sung -a.k.a. plain chant/gregorian chant -monophonic -free rhythm |
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Definition: the Church Mass |
-Most important service of Catholic Church -Ritual reenactment of last supper -Non-changing parts of mass often sung -Mass broken into three parts |
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Definition: Hildegard of Bingen |
-Wrote monophonic music for church -Very well educated, especially for a woman - Wrote virtue plays set to music -Composer, Abbess, poet |
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Definition: Cantigas de Santa Maria |
-Cantigas = songs -Collection of over 400+ songs -dedicated to Virgin Mary -dancing figures -prepared in late 13th century |
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Definition: Organum (Musica Enchiriadas, discant, florid) |
-Musica Enchiriadas talks about two kinds of "singing together" and calls them organum -Parallel organum = Original Latin plain chant with added second sing a 4th or 5th apart following in parallel motion -discant= whenupper voices have 1-3 notes while lower voice has 1 note -florid= low voice has long notes while upper voice has many notes above each long note |
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Definition: Motet |
-polyphonic vox composition with two or more independent voices above a chant tenor -borrowed chant tenor=cantus firmus -often tropes on original chants - could have different languages in each voice |
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1. Essay : Trace the development of music theory and notation from the time of Ancient Greece (Pythagoras) through the late 13th Century (Notre Dame School and Franco of Cologne). Cite contributions and innovations of at least 4 theorists/composers/teachers. |
-Pythagoras: Music through ratio and numbers. Created octave fourth and fifth. -Later in Greece tetrachords would make up scales in the Greater Perfect System. Modes were also recognized. -Saint Gregory: Although only his legend was used, Franks used his tale to explain a uniform notation of the Church's chants across their domain. -Boethius: Wrote The Fundamentals of Music and is considered the biggest musical person of the Middle Ages. Discusses three types of music. Still looked at music as a science. -Walther von der Vogelwiede wrote Palastinalied which is a famous Minnelied. This song shows us the development of secular music, and how in Germany at the time secular music was developing a suggest rhythmic meter in 3. -Anon writer of Musica enchiriadis. Illustrates early Organum, and shift towards polyphony in writing of music (particularly in 4ths and 5th). |
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2. Essay: Discuss the composers of the Notre Dame School of the 12th and 13th centuries. Include information on their contributions and innovations as related to the development of polyphony. |
-Leoninus: compiled the Magnus liber organi ("great book of polyphony"). He composed some for the book, which served as a guide and addition to chants. It included organa for 2,3, or 4 performers to sing. Added clausula(a section in discant) and discant clausula to organa. -Perotinus: Credited with updated the Magnus liber and writing many (better) clausula. Used tenors in rhythmic modes and often had them repeat for more coherence. Increased the number of voices to three and four. -Following the Magnus liber came Motets(where the original duplum supports its own text). These essentially happened when people started troping material from the Magnus liber. Defining charasteric was the original borrow tenor (cantus firmus) -Franco of Cologne: Credited with Franconian motet style. This style had fastermoving melodies and greater rhytmic distinction between the triplum voices. |
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3. Essay: Define "Ars Nova" and discuss composer's innovations and contributions(rhythmic notation, compositional). Be sure to define and discuss and new compositional techniques they used. |
-Ars Nova means "New Art", musical style of France in the 1st half of the 14th century -Philippe de Vitry: Attributed to the Ars Nova treatise. In his motets the tenors had the first seen isorhythm. This means the tenors are laid out in segments of identical rhythm which could be repeated many times throughout a piece. This made pieces easier to compose, sing, and memorize. The beat was also divided in 2 rather than 3, which is an important Ars Nova aspect. -Guillame de Macaut: Leading composer and poet of the time. Used hocket to great effect (rapid alternating between two voices). -Music mensuration allowed rhythm to be notated based on the breve. Rhythm was now notated by note shape which allowed composers to notate things such as syncopation that was impossible before. |
