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71 Cards in this Set
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Claude Debussy |
Impressionist composer. Created multi-movement pieces with the orchestra that were considered tone poems. Ex) La Mer which follows from dawn to midday by the sea. All about mood, atmosphere, nature, symbolism and suggestion. Wrote Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun |
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Maurice Ravel |
Wrote Mother Goose music. Used traditionally eastern instruments to create Indonesian sounds (Java and gamelan) |
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Gustav Mahler |
Born in Bohemia then moved to Vienna. Composed and conducted operas. Thought of as a visionary composer. Conducted operas by all composers. Became Hamburg opera house director, then Vienna court opera director (but had to convert to Catholicism for this). Improves the opera house but is kicked out because originally Jewish. Goes to new world. Become Metropolitan Opera director and then NY Philharmonic directer. Composed 9 total symphonies, many songs. |
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Richard Strauss |
born Munich (Bavaria) writes symphonic poems (example set by Liszt) ex: Don Juan, Don Quixote, Also Sprach Zarathustra (Nietzsche) also operas thru Wagner influence conductor/composer “Richard II” decadence |
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Arnold Schoenberg |
Wrote string quartets that broke from tradition in attempt to disturb WWI status quo |
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Anton Webern |
significant follower of Arnold Schoenberg. became one of the best-known exponents of the twelve-tone technique. His characteristically unique innovations regarding schematic organization of pitch, rhythm and dynamics were formative in the musical technique later known as total serialism. affiliations with German Romanticism and Expressionism. Wrote symphonies that reflect expressionism and dissonance. |
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Alban Berg |
produced compositions that combined Mahlerian Romanticism with a personal adaptation of Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique. Wrote opera Wozzeck |
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Igor Stravinsky |
Russian composer wrote many ballets including Firebird and Right of Spring. |
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George Gershwin |
Wrote musical theater. Popular music was Tin Danalley. Wrote "Rhapsody in Blue" and the Jazz opera of Porgy and Bess. Focused on jazz composition |
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Aaron Copland |
Wrote rodeo music including Appalachian Spring. Won the Pulitzer Prize for music |
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Leonard Bernstein |
Born in Boston and composed at Harvard and Tanglewood. Wrote West Side Story Music, which included all types of music-- rock, jazz, latin, be-bop |
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Samuel Barber |
American composer of orchestral,opera, choral, and piano music. Wrote Adagio for strings and won pulitzer prize for music twice. |
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Adagio |
slow pace or type of music with that pace |
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Atonality |
not using scales and chords, also known as "free tonality". Breaking from tradition. Popular during WWI in attempt to disturb status quo |
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Ballet |
Music that goes along with dance. Popular in Russia, but also used in Paris. Stravinsky writes many. |
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Blues |
American Music similar to jazz, often using improvisation, about sad feelings and/or events. |
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"Blue Note" |
Places in between notes, when someone sings or plays notes that aren't on a piano or scale, bending the notes |
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Chromaticism |
the use of notes foreign to the mode or diatonic scale upon which a composition is based. |
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Consonance |
When music sounds like it should go together |
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Charles Darwin |
Wrote the Origin of Species and focused on progress and modernism. Valuing new and innovative things instead of tradition |
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Dissonance |
Chords and notes that do not go together well. |
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Antonin Dvorak |
Director of the NYC conservatory in the 1890s. Czech but wrote Symphony No. 9 in E minor based on the sights and songs of the New World. |
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"Duke" Ellington |
Famous for Jazz music and composition. Famous pianist. |
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Emancipation of dissonance |
Movement of expressionism. Using dissonance in attempt to disturb status quo. Turn coined by Arnorld Schoenberg |
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Etude |
short piece of music composed to practice difficult skills on an instrument |
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Exoticism |
a genre in which the rhythms, melodies, or instrumentation are designed to evoke the atmosphere of far-off lands or ancient times |
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Expressionism |
Presenting the irrational truth, atonality/free tonality, and "emancipation of dissonance". During WWI and disturb the status quo |
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Siegmund Freud |
Theorized Id, Superego, Ego. Expressionism is supposed to sound like his Id-- the honest and irrational truth |
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Martha Graham |
American dancer and choreographer. Huge influence on dance and choreography. Appalachian Spring dedicated to her. |
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Impressionism |
Focus on the impression something leaves, not just the exact way it looks-- in art there was a blending of colors, in music a blurring of rhythms. Ex) Monet and Debussey |
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Improvisation |
Making something up as you go, changing things as you go. Used during American blues and ragtime music |
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Jazz |
American music. Popular with a rhythm section and improvisation. Uses "blue" notes often |
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Libretto |
Lyrics that go along with an opera |
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Lied, lieder |
German word for song |
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Karl Marx |
Communist manifesto |
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Minimalism |
a reductive style or school of modern music utilizing only simple sonorities, rhythms, and patterns, with minimal embellishment or orchestrational complexity, and characterized by protracted repetition of figurations, obsessive structural rigor, and often a pulsing, hypnotic effect. |
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Mixed Meter |
Stavinsky used this in Rite of Spring... Indicates different meters used each measure |
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Modernism |
a philosophical and aesthetic stance underlying the period of change and development in musical language that occurred around the turn of the 20th century, a period of diverse reactions in challenging and reinterpreting older categories of music, innovations that lead to new ways of organizing and approaching harmonic, melodic, sonic, and rhythmic aspects of music, and changes in aesthetic worldviews in close relation to the larger identifiable period of modernism in the arts of the time |
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Musical theater |
a genre of drama in which singing and dancing play an essential part. Different from opera in that not all in song |
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Nationalism |
patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts |
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Neo-classicism |
the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music. |
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Nocturne |
musical composition inspired by, or evokative of, night |
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Overture |
Introduction to an opera that gives some insight into what will happen in the future of the opera |
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Percussion |
Drums |
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Prelude |
Piece of music that goes before an opera, play, suite, or other performance |
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Primitivism |
a belief in the value of what is simple and unsophisticated, expressed as a philosophy of life or through art or literature. Rite of spring thought to be this |
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Program music |
Music that is meant to have a program to go along with it. Program gives insight into composer's thoughts and intentions in writing the music |
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Rhythm section |
Bass, drums, banjo/guitar/piano used in jazz music to keep the beat |
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Romanticism |
an era of Western classical music that began in the late 18th or early 19th century. |
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Serialism |
a method or technique of composition that uses a series of values to manipulate different musical elements. Twelve-tone technique = example |
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"Simple Gifts" |
Theme and variation in Appalachian Spring by Shakers renamed this |
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Stephen Sondheim |
Wrote lyrics for West Side Story |
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Song |
a short poem or other set of words set to music or meant to be sung. |
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Sprechstimme |
Speech-voice. Halfway between talking and singing. Used by Schoenburg often |
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Symphonic poem/tone poem |
impressionist music that blurs the rhythm and tells the story or impression of a place. Ex) La Mer |
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Syncopation |
a shifting of the normal accent, usually by stressing the normally unaccented beats |
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Pyotr Tchaikovsky |
First ever major concert in Carnegie Hall written by him. Russian composer/conductor. Also wrote nutcracker |
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Twelve-tone technique |
Using all 12 tones between one note and it's octave higher on a piano (includes white and black keys on piano). All are used equally, and no one note is really the home |
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Virtuoso |
Someone who is extremely good at playing an instrument. Panganini, Chopin, Liszt |
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Waltz |
dance music in triple meter |
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Strauss' Salome |
Opera by Strauss. Very popular in Europe but unpopular in USA. |
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Berg's Wozzeck |
Berg opera. Lead kills a woman because if he can't have her no one can. Very realistic |
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Gershwin's Porgy and Bess |
Gershwin's Jazz/Folk opera that was not well received in US. Talks about racial issues |
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Stravinsky's The Firebird |
Ballet written by Stravinsky. Produced by Sergei Diaghilev who originally commissioned Lyadov X, but when he didn't write any of it Stavinsky stepped in |
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Stravinsky's Petroushka |
Ballet about puppets by Stravinsky |
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Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring |
Ballet written by Stravinsky. Pagan Russia depicted. Primitivism used. |
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Copland's Appalachain Spring |
Written by Aaron Copland for Martha Graham. Used theme and variation that was taken by shakers to be "simple gifts". Won Pulitzer Prize for music |
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Bernstein's West Side Story |
Like Romeo and Juliet. Music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondhein, choreography by Jerome Robbins. Included all types of music (rock, jazz, latin, be-bop) and included an aria, fugue, and quintet. |
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Claud Monet & Impressionism |
Blended colors-- tried to evoke what the impression of being somewhere leaves on them as opposed to the literal interpretation of where he is. |
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Gustav Klimt & Oskar Kokoschka & Expressionism |
a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expression of meaning and emotion not reality |
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Wassily Kandinsky & Neue Sachblinchkeit & New Objectivity |
Art movement that was abstract in nature. Used colors and objects to describe feelings or moods rather than objective things. |
