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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is pitch?
The frequency of a sound, heard as high or low
What is meter?
Regular, recurring pattern of accented and unaccented beats (duple, triple)
What is syncopation?
Placing accents on weak beats or in between beats (making them irregular)
What is a chord?
Groupings of simultaneous pitches
What is tempo?
the speed of music, the rate at which one beat follows another
What does consonant/dissonant mean?
Consonance - pleasing at rest
Dissonance - creates tension and a desire to resolve to consonance
What is tone color?
Overtones, unique styles of sound produced by different instruments, ensembles, etc.
What is monophony?
One line of melody and nothing else
What is homophony?
Two or more lines of melody but one is clearly more interesting than the others
What is polyphony (imitative & non-imitative)?
Two or more lines of melody
Imitative: Similar Melodies
Non-imitative: Different Melodies
What is tonality/atonality?
Musical center of gravity, atonal creates a wandering unsettled quality
What is chant?
Nonmetrical form of monophonic melodies based on medieval modes. Chant was of sacred texts.
What is a reciting tone?
Heightened speech hovering on one tone for almost a full phrase with melodies only at the end.
What is a drone?
Any instrument capable of producing 2 or more pitches simultaneously.
What is a troubadour?
Singers that were of the noble class. They were concerned with chivalric love and heroes, and made up the first large body of secular songs.
What is a jongleur?
Instrumental back up for the troubadours
Western Music was dominated by _______?
The Christian (Catholic) Church
What style of music did churches begin with?
Monophonic chant
What is the Notre Dame School?
The first well-understood system of rhythmic notation was developed here.
Who was Leonin?
Perotin's mentor, and the first composer of polyphonic organum
Who was Perotin?
Leonin's student, famous for organa in 3 and 4 voices
What is an organum?
Polyphonic chant
Who was Hildegard?
The first female composer, she was an abbess, took ownership of the music she wrote, and composer of some 77 works. Her melodies were more elaborate than earlier plainchant, and she added a drone to female voices.
What is a Madrigal?
A short composition set to one-stanza love poem, with changing motives and textures. Originated in Italy - one singer to a part.
What is word painting?
Illustrating words and phrases through the melody
What is paraphrase?
Taking a chant melody, embellishing it and giving it specific meter and rhythm.
During the Renaissance secular music became _____?
More important
During the Renaissance music for mass was ____?
Reworked old chants into new paraphrased melodies
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation threatened ___?
an end to polyphonic music but Palestrina saved it from extinction by moderating the use of polyphony.
Who was Weelkes?
A composer whose works focused on simple rhythms and clear harmonies, and word paintings. Composed madrigals and services.
Who was Josquin des Prez?
A composer who unified mass based on a plainsong hymn using the five standard movements.
What are the five standard movements?
Kirie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei
Who was Giovanni Gabrieli?
A prolific composer and organist at St. Mark's. He mixes delicate, expressive passages and rich, brilliant echo effects.
What is the style of Baroque music?
Extravagance balanced with control
In Baroque music which is more important, instruments or vocals?
Instruments are featured prominently, often just as important as the voice (sometimes performing alone, without voices).
How was Baroque music written?
Rhythms, harmonies, and instrumental assignments were clearly delineated.
Describe Baroque music's rhythm.
Rhythm became more regular, accentuate by the basso continuo ensemble. Often rhythms were dance-like.
Who were the composers of Baroque music?
The composers during this time were craftspeople, employed by the churhc, courts or public (opera houses) and were responsible for creating a wide variety of music on demand.
What is Basso Continuo?
The strong reinforced bass line played by bass melody instruments and chording instruments.
What is Basso Ostinato?
Ground bass, the repeating bass line (Pachelbel)
What is opera?
The most characteristic Baroque art form, most ideal vehicle for individual emotionalism
What is recitative vs. aria?
Recitative - free speechlike rhythms and pitches, continuo accompaniment, words stated once, advances the action, dialogue
Aria - pitches form melodic patterns and phrases, orchestral accompaniment, phrases often repeated, action freeze, soliloquy
Who was Henry Purcell?
The greatest English Baroque composer, he was an organist at Westminster Abbey who wrote the first real English opera "Dido and Aeneas."
What is ornamentation?
Addition of fast notes, motives, or effects to a melody that are improvised during performance.
What is the texture of Baroque music?
Polyphonic (homophonic used to contrast sometimes), orchestral works use many contrapuntal lines.
What are the dynamics of Baroque music?
Piano or forte, that's it.
What are the rhythms of Baroque music?
Highly regular, determined motion, distinctive rhythms against a steady beat. Freer rhythms in upper voices, with walking bass.
What are the features of Baroque melody?
Tendancy towards complex and difficult melodies with an extended range, a variety of rhythmic note values, and unpredictable twists and turns. Frequent use of sequence for forward motion.
What is a Basic Baroque Orchestra?
A string orchestra with continuo.
What is a Festive Baroque Orchestra?
A string orchestra with brass, woodwinds, and percussion.