Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What is sound?
|
vibrations that are transmitted, usually through the air, to the eardrum, which sends impulses to the brain.
|
|
|
|
What are the 4 main properties of musical sounds?
|
1.) Pitch
2.) Dynamics 3.) Tone Color 4.) Duration |
|
|
|
What is pitch?
|
The relative highness or lowness of sound.
|
|
|
|
What is vibration frequency measured in?
|
cycles per second.
|
|
|
|
What is tone?
|
Sound that has a definite pitch.
|
|
|
|
What is a definite pitch?
|
A tone that has a specific frequency. Ex. 440 cycles per second.
|
|
|
|
True or False?
The vibrations of a tone are regular and reach the ear at equal time intervals |
False; irregular
|
|
|
|
What is the highest frequency tone on a piano?
|
4,186 cycles per second.
|
|
|
|
What is the lowest frequency tone on a piano?
|
27 cycles per second.
|
|
|
|
What is an indefinite pitch?
|
sounds that are produced by irregular vibrations.
|
|
|
|
What is an example of an indefite pitch?
|
Clashing symbols
|
|
|
|
What is an interval?
|
The "distance" between any two tones.
|
|
|
|
What is an octave?
|
When tones are separated by the interval.
|
|
|
|
True or False?
The interval of an octave is the interval between the first and last tones of the familiar scale? |
True
|
-do (Octave)
-ti -sol -fa -mi -re -do (Octave) |
|
|
Say the familiar scale
|
-do
-ti -sol -fa -mi -re -do |
|
|
|
What is pitch range (or range)?
|
the difference between the lowest and highest tones that a voice or instrement can produce.
|
|
|
|
What is the range of the average untrained voice?
|
Between 1 and 2 ovtaves.
|
|
|
|
The organization of what is a composer's first resource?
|
pitch
|
|
|
|
What is dynamics?
|
The degrees of loudness or softness in music.
|
|
|
|
loudness is related to the amplitude of the vibration that produces what?
|
sound
|
|
|
|
What is a dynamic change?
|
when instruments are played more loudly or more softly, or when there is a change in how many instruments are heard.
|
|
|
|
What is accent?
|
emphasizing a tone by playing it more loudly than the tones around it.
|
|
|
|
What are the most common terms used to indicate dynamics?
|
-piano
-mezzo piano -mezzo forte -forte |
|
|
|
What is the abbreviation and meaning of the term piano?
|
p; soft
|
|
|
|
What is the abbreviation and meaning of the term mezzo piano?
|
mp; moderately soft
|
|
|
|
What is the abbreviation and meaning of the term
mezzo forte? |
mf; moderately loud
|
|
|
|
What is the abbreviation and meaning of the term forte?
|
f; loud
|
|
|
|
What are the term(s) decrescendo and diminuendo symbol, abbreviation, and meaning?
|
>; decresc., dim.; gradually softer.
|
|
|
|
What is crescendo's symbol, abbreviation, and meaning?
|
<; cresc; gradually louder
|
|
|
|
What terms indicate gradual changes in dynamics?
|
derescendo (decresc.) or diminuendo (dim.), and crescendo (cresc.)
|
|
|
|
What is tone color (or timbre)?
|
quality of sound that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another.
|
|
|
|
What are some words that describe tone color?
|
birght, dark, brilliant, mellow, and rich.
|
|
|
|
Changes in tone color creates what two things?
|
variety and contrast.
|
|
|
|
Which of the four properties of sound builds a sense of continuity; which makes it easier to recognize the return of a melody when the same instruments play it each time?
|
tone colors
|
|
|
|
What type of music are listening outlines used for, and exactly what are listening outlines?
|
instrumental music.
|
Each item describes some musical sound. It may point out dynamics, instruments, pitch level, or mood.
|
|
|
What are vocal music guides used for, and what are they?
|
for music with vocal texts.
|
It appears with brief marginal notes that indicates the relationship between words and music and help the listener follow the thought, story, or drama.
|
|
|
What has a unique ability to fuse a word with a musical tone?
|
Voice
|
|
|
|
True of False:
Men's vocal cords are longer and thicker than women's, and this difference produces a lower range of pitches. |
True
|
|
|
|
List the classification of voice ranges for women and men, from highest to lowest.
|
Women:
-soprano -mezzo soprano -alto (or contralto) |
Men:
-tenor -baritone -bass |
|
|
List the 4 basic ranges from highest to lowest.
|
-soprano
-alto -tenor -bass |
|
|
|
What is an instrument?
|
any mechanism, other than a voice, that produces musical sound.
|
|
|
|
Western Musicians usually classify instruments into what 6 main categories (list in order)?
|
-string (guitar, violin)
-woodwind (flute, clarinet) -brass (trumpet, trumbone) -percussion (bass drum, cymbols) -keyboard (organ, piano) -electronic (synthesizer) |
|
|
|
What is register?
|
It is the part of the total range.
|
|
|
|
True or False:
An instrument's DYNAMICS may vary with the register in which it is played. |
False; tone color
|
|
|
|
Modern symphony Orchestras contain what group of instruments?
|
-String
-Woodwind -Brass -Percussion |
|
|
|
What instruments (from highest to lowest range)form the symphony orchestra's string section?
|
-violin
-viola -cello (violoncello) -double bass (bass) - |
|
|
|
Bands mainly consist of which group of instruments?
|
-brass
-woodwind -percussion |
|
|
|
For symphonic music, the strings are usually played with what?
|
a bow
|
|
|
|
Of all instrumental groups, which has the greatest versatality and expressive range?
|
strings, they produce many tone colors and have wide ranges of pitch and dynamics.
|
|
|
|
What is the most reliable group in the orchestra?
|
the strings
|
|
|
|
List the most frequently used techniques used for string instruments:
|
-Pizzicato (plucked string)
-Double Stop (2 notes at once) -Triple Stop -Quadruple Stop (4 notes almost at once) -Vibrato -Mute -Temolo -Harmonics |
|
|
|
Some string instruments are not played with a bow, but are instead plucke with the fingers or a what?
|
Plectrum (plural, plectra)
|
|
|
|
What are the two most important stringed instruments?
|
harp and guitar
|
|
|
|
True or False:
The harp is the only plucked string instrument that has gained wide acceptance in the symphony orchestra. |
True
|
|
|
|
True or False:
Woodwind instruments are named because they produce vibrations of air within a tube that traditionally was made of wood. |
True
|
|
|
|
Name 3 stringed instruments.
|
-Guitar
-harp -violin -viola -cello (violoncello) -double bass (bass) |
|
|
|
Name 3 Woodwind instruments.
|
-Piccalo
-Flute -Oboe -Bass Clarinet -English horn -bassoon |
|
|
|
How many woodwind families are there?
|
4
|
|
|
|
List the main woodwind families of the symphony orchestra, in order of range from highest to lowest.
|
1.) Flute Family
2.) Clarinet Family 3.) Oboe Family 4.) Bassoon Family |
|
|
|
List two instruments from the Flute Family.
|
-piccalo
-flute |
|
|
|
List two instruments from the Clarinet Family.
|
-clarinet
-bass clarinet |
|
|
|
List two instruments from the Oboe Family.
|
-Oboe
-English horn |
|
|
|
List two instruments from the Bassoon Family.
|
-bassoon
-contrabassoon |
|
|
|
Of the woodwind instruments, what is the highest and lowest ranged instruments?
|
Highest: piccalo
Lowest: contrabassoon |
|
|
|
Describe what a reed is and what group of instruments uses them, if any?
|
A very thin peice of cane, about 2 1/2" long, that is set into vibration by a stream of air; woodwinds
|
|
|
|
Woodwinds can have two different types reeds, what are they?
|
-single-reed woodwinds
-double-reed woodwinds |
|
|
|
From high register to low, what are the main instruments of the sypmhony orchestra's brass sction?
|
-trumpet
-French horn (horn) -trombone -tuba |
|
|
|
True or False:
The vibrations of brass instruments come from the musician's lips as he or she blows into a cup- or funnel-shaped mouthpiece. |
True
|
|
|
|
Describe the cornet.
|
It is similar in shape to the trumpet, but it's tone is more mellow.
|
|
|
|
Which brass instrument looks like a tuba and has the same range as the trommbone?
|
baritone horn
|
|
|
|
What is the tenor instrument of the tuba family?
|
the euphonium
|
|
|
|
How can brass players alter the tone color of their instruments?
|
By inserting a mute into the bell.
|
|
|
|
What does a mute do, what is it, and what group uses it?
|
they can create a variety of sound effects; they come in different shapes and are made of wood, plastic, or metal; brass group.
|
|
|
|
What is the difference between a definite pitch and an indefinite pitch?
|
A definite pitch has a specific frequency, and an indefinite pitch are sounds produced by irregular vibrations.
|
|
|
|
List 5 percussion instruments that have a definite pitch.
|
-timpani (kettledrums)
-glockenspiel -xylophone -celesta -chimes |
|
|
|
List 5 percussion instruments that have an indefinite pitch.
|
-snare drum (side drum)
-bass drum -tambourine -triangle -cymbals -gong (tam-tam) |
|
|
|
How are percussion instruments used?
|
to emphasize rhythem and to heighten climaxes.
|
|
|
|
What are the best-known Keyboard instruments
|
-piano
-harpsichord -organ -accordian |
|
|
|
True or False:
Are all keyboard instruments played solo? |
True
|
|
|
|
What does the keyboard do?
|
It permits the performer to play several tones at the same time easily and rapidly.
|
|
|
|
Which instrument has more great music written for it than any other instrument?
|
piano
|
|
|
|
True or False:
The piano is extremely versatile. Because of it;s dynamic flexibility, Italians named it the piano-forte (meaning soft-loud). |
True
|
|
|
|
What do Electronic instruments used for?
|
They produce or amplify sound through electronic means.
|
|
|
|
List some electronic instruments.
|
-tape studio
-synthesizers |
|
|
|
How were Electronic instruments beneficial?
|
Rhythem could be fully controlled, because the duration of a sound depended only on the length of a tape segment.
|
|
|
|
What is MIDI?
|
musical instrument digital interface
|
|
|
|
What is sampling?
|
involves placing brief digital recordings of live sounds under the control of a synthesizer keyboard.
|
|
|
|
What is theme?
|
melody used as the basis for a musical composition.
|
|
|
|
What are variations?
|
varied repetitions of a theme.
|
|
|
|
What are effects devices?
|
they include reverberators, echo devices, and stereo splitters.
|
|
|
|
What is rhythm?
|
the flow of music through time; a particular arrangement of note lengths in a piece of music.
|
|
|
|
What is a beat?
|
a regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time.
|
|
|
|
True or false:
a note may last a fraction of a beat, an entire beat, or more than a beat. |
True
|
|
|
|
downbeat
|
The first, or stressed, beat of the measure.
|
|
|
|
upbeat
|
An unaccented pulse preceding the downbeat.
|
|
|
|
duple meter
|
When a measure has 2 beats.
We count 1-2, 1-2, and so on. |
The vertical lines mark the beginning or end of the measure.
Ma- ry had a lit- tle lamb, 1 2 |1 2 lit- tle lamb, lit- tle lamb, 1 2 |1 2 |
|
|
When we sing "America" some beats feel stronger or more stressed than others. The stress comes regularly on the first of every 3 beats.
|
My coun- try, 'tis of thee,
* * * * * * * *= beat (due to space it might look like they are off beat.) |
|
|
|
All waltzes are in duple or triple meter?
|
Triple meter
|
|
|
|
Meter
|
The organization of beats intp regular groups.
|
|
|
|
measure
|
A group containing a fixed number of beats.
|
|
|
|
tempo
|
basic pace of the music.
|
|
|
|
tempo indication
|
words, usually at the beginning of a piece of music, often in Italian, which specify the pace at which the music should be played.
|
|
|
|
syncopation
|
Accenting of a note at an unexpected time, as between two beats oor on a weak beat.
|
Syncopation is a major charactristic of jazz.
|
|
|
There is a syncopation when an "offbeat" note is accented-- that is, when the stress comes between two beats.
|
In the following example, syncopation occurs on the accented "my", which comes between beats 1 and 2:
|
Give MY re- gards to
1 2 3 4 Broad- way |1 2 3 4 |
|
|
a fast tempo is associated with a feeling of what?
|
energy, drive, and excitement
|
|
|
|
a slow tempo often contributes to a what kind of mood?
|
solemn, lyrical, or calm mood.
|
|
|
|
What are 6 words that shows tempo, and what does each one mean?
|
- largo- very slow, broad
- adagio- slow - andante- moderately slow, a walking pace - moderato- moderate - allegro- fast - presto- very fast - - |
|
|
|
a gradual quickening of tempo may be indicated by writing what?
|
accelerando
|
becoming faster
|
|
|
a gradual slowing down of tempo may be indicated by writing what?
|
ritardando
|
becoming slower
|
|
|
metronome
|
an apparatus that produces ticking sounds or flashes of light at any desired musical speed.
|
|
|
|
a fast tempo is associated with a feeling of what?
|
energy, drive, and excitement
|
|
|
|
a slow tempo often contributes to a what kind of mood?
|
solemn, lyrical, or calm mood.
|
|
|
|
What are 6 words that shows tempo, and what does each one mean?
|
- largo- very slow, broad
- adagio- slow - andante- moderately slow, a walking pace - moderato- moderate - allegro- fast - presto- very fast - - |
|
|
|
a gradual quickening of tempo may be indicated by writing what?
|
accelerando
|
becoming faster
|
|
|
a gradual slowing down of tempo may be indicated by writing what?
|
ritardando
|
becoming slower
|
|
|
a fast tempo is associated with a feeling of what?
|
energy, drive, and excitement
|
|
|
|
a slow tempo often contributes to a what kind of mood?
|
solemn, lyrical, or calm mood.
|
|
|
|
What are 6 words that shows tempo, and what does each one mean?
|
- largo- very slow, broad
- adagio- slow - andante- moderately slow, a walking pace - moderato- moderate - allegro- fast - presto- very fast - - |
|
|
|
a gradual quickening of tempo may be indicated by writing what?
|
accelerando
|
becoming faster
|
|
|
a gradual slowing down of tempo may be indicated by writing what?
|
ritardando
|
becoming slower
|
|
|
a fast tempo is associated with a feeling of what?
|
energy, drive, and excitement
|
|
|
|
a slow tempo often contributes to a what kind of mood?
|
solemn, lyrical, or calm mood.
|
|
|
|
What are 6 words that shows tempo, and what does each one mean?
|
- largo- very slow, broad
- adagio- slow - andante- moderately slow, a walking pace - moderato- moderate - allegro- fast - presto- very fast - - |
|
|
|
a gradual quickening of tempo may be indicated by writing what?
|
accelerando
|
becoming faster
|
|
|
a gradual slowing down of tempo may be indicated by writing what?
|
ritardando
|
becoming slower
|
|
Label the twelve pitches of the octave and their poitions on the keyboard.
|
A clef is placed at the beginning of the staff to show the pitch of each line and space.
|
|
|
Label the seven different tones that are produced by the white keys of the piano.
|
You will notice that you fill the octave with seven different pitches before arriving at the high do, which "duplicates" the low do you start on.
|
|
|
|
Notation
|
A system of writing music so that specific pitches and rhythms can be communicated.
|
|
|
|
how is notation used in music?
|
we can indicate exact pitches by the upward or downward placement of symbols--called notes-- on a staff.
|
|
|
|
notes
|
they are ovals. (Its duration is indicated by whether it is black or white or has a stem and flags.
|
|
|
|
staff (plural, staves)
|
A set of five horizontal lines.
|
Notes are positioned either on the lines of the staff or between them, in the spaces; the higher a note is placed on the staff, the higher its pitch.
|
|
|
True or False:
Seven of the twelve pitches (tones) that fill the octave in western music are named after the first seven letters of the alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. This sequence is repeated over and over to represent the "same" tones in higher and lower octaves, and it corresponds to the white keys of the piano. |
True
|
|
|
|
The other five tones of the octave correspond to the black keys of the piano and are indicated by one of the same seven letter plus a sharp sign or a flat sign. Thus the pitch between C and D may be called what?
|
C sharp (higher than C) or D flat (lower than D).
|
|
