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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Monophonic
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music which has a single melodic line of notes without harmonies
ex: Mary Had a Little Lamb |
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Polyphonic
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multiple different melodic lines performed at the same time
ex: Row, Row, Row Your Boat |
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Homophonic
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single melody line takes the lead and is accomplished by harmonic/rhythmic instruments; clear-cut distinction between melody and accompaniment
ex: Row Your Boat with a clap |
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Heterophonic
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simultaneous variation of single melody line at the same time
Ex: Not singing in unison of Mary Had a Little Lamb |
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1960s India
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Indian Agricultural revolution “Green Revolution” that allowed them to avoid a famine
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1966 India
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Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister
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1971
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East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh
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1972-1973
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Turbulence:
• Refugee Crisis • Droughts, energy crisis • Food shortage • Black markets- food, gold, film • Demonstrations, riots |
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The Emergency
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(1975-1977)
Indira Gandhi found guilty of election fraud: • Daughter of first prime minister of India • June 20, 1975 declares “emergency”…The Emergency begins • Stuffing of ballot boxes • Suspension of civil liberties, habeas corpus • Political jailings of activists, newspaper reporters • Censorship of the press • Began campaigns to bring population to 0 population growth- thought it would bring greater famine • Sanjay Gandhi initiates forced sterilizations = made people very skeptical of the government • “Beautifcation projects” • Attempted land reform, employment programs, price controls, crackdown for smuggling due regulations of imports/exports, corruption with police |
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1977
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Indira calls an election, loses spectacularly
-those running against her had no plan and lost power |
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1980
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Indira re-elected with stronger majority
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Indira Assassinated
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• Khalistan (Sikh) separatist movement, insurgency
• June 1984: Indira directs Indian Army to raid Golden Temple (Sikh holy site) • October 31, 1984: Indira assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards • Raijiv Gandhi (her son) takes over |
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1984-1991
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• Military buildup in Kashmir, Punjab
• State-run businesses lose money- Indian government has a revenue crisis • Television begins to emerge |
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1970s Film
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• Early 1970s, shortage of raw film because of import restrictions
• Emergence of the black market- black marketeers invested in film • Negative depiction of the Indian state • Representations of poverty, crime (mob bosses), unemployment • Main villains are smugglers, black market, politicians • Glorification of vigilante justice • “Lost and found” genre- brothers separated at birth |
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Typical 1970s film plot line
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"Angy Young Man"
“Disaffected, cynical, violent, urban worker/laborer” |
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“Yeh Dosti” [this friendship]
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Sholay [Flames] (1975)
• Main song of the 1970s • Curi Western- can’t have a Western without a harmonica |
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1970's Film Songs
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• Longer interludes for action scenes, harsh sounds
• Same playback singers, but different accompaniment • Melody is less important than rhythm • Greater use of Western instruments, especially bass guitar, drum set, electric guitar, Latin drums, brass • Angry Young man films lead to many action scenes, violence • Latin, rock, disco rhythms incorporated • Background music influenced by western and gangster films of the 1970s, esp. fight scenes • Indian tradition represented through sitar, sarangi, harmonium, etc. |
