Musculoskeletal (Set 4)

Front 1

avulsion fracture

Back 1

tendon or ligament pulls off part of bone

Front 2

comminuted fracture

Back 2

has more than 2 fragments, smaller fragments appear to be floating

Front 3

Displaced fracture is also known as

Back 3

overriding fracture

Front 4

Displaced fracture

Back 4

displaced fracture fragment that is overridingthe other bone fragment. Ther periosteum is disrupted on both sides

Front 5

Greenstick fracture

Back 5

incomplete fractrue with oe side splintered and the other side bent

Front 6

Impacted fracture

Back 6

comminuted fracture in which more than two fragments are driven into each other

Front 7

Interarticular fracture

Back 7

extends to the articular surface of the bone

Front 8

Longitudinal fracture

Back 8

incomplete, fracture line runns along the lingitudinal axis of the bone. Periosteum is not torn away from the bone

Front 9

Oblique fracture

Back 9

line of fracture esxtends in an oblique direction

Front 10

Pathologic fracture

Back 10

spontaneous at the site of a bone disease

Front 11

Spiral fracture

Back 11

spiral along the bone shaft

Front 12

Stress fracture

Back 12

in normal or abnormal bone, fracture that results from repeated stress

Front 13

Transverse fracture fracture

Back 13

line of the fracture extends across the bone shaft at a right angle to the longitudinal axis

Front 14

What is a fracture?

Back 14

a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of bone

Front 15

Fractures are described and classified according to...

Back 15

type; open or closed; anatomic location on the involved bone, appearance, position, and alignment; classic names; also as stable or unstable

Front 16

stable fracture

Back 16

a piece of the periosteum is intact across the fracture and either external or internal fixation has rendered the fragments stationary

Front 17

Stable fractures are usually...

Back 17

transverse, spiral, or greenstick

Front 18

unstable fracture

Back 18

is grossly displaced during injury and is a stie of poor fixation

Front 19

unstable fractures are usually...

Back 19

comminuted or oblique

Front 20

open fracture

Back 20

tissue broken over fracture

Front 21

term for fracture self-healing

Back 21

union

Front 22

first stage stage of bone healing and how does it move to the second stage

Back 22

fracture hematoma - eventually converts to granulation tissue

Front 23

when does a fracture hematoma form?

Back 23

within the first 72 hours after injury

Front 24

second stage of bone healing

Back 24

granulation tissue

Front 25

What happens in the granulation tissue stage of bone healing?

Back 25

active phagocytosis absorbs the products of local necrosis. Hematoma turns to granulation tissue. Forms basis for osteoid

Front 26

Osteoid

Back 26

new bone substance

Front 27

time frame for granulation tissue stage

Back 27

3-14 days postinjury

Front 28

what does granulation tissue consist of?

Back 28

new blood vessels, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts

Front 29

third stage of bone healing

Back 29

callus formation

Front 30

Callus formation

Back 30

as minerals are deposited in the osteoid, an unorganized netowrk of bone is formed that is woven around the fracture parts

Front 31

What is callus primarily composed of?

Back 31

cartilage, osteoblasts, calcium, and phosphorus

Front 32

When does callus formation usually start?

Back 32

by the end of the second week after injury

Front 33

How can callus formation be verified?

Back 33

by x-ray

Front 34

fourth stage in the bone healing process

Back 34

Ossification

Front 35

When does ossification occur?

Back 35

from 3 weeks to 6 months after the fracture, continues until the fracture has healed

Front 36

Fifth stage of bone healing

Back 36

consolidation

Front 37

consolidation

Back 37

distance between bone fragments diminishes and eventually closes

Front 38

radiologic union

Back 38

consolidation

Front 39

sixth stage of bone healing

Back 39

remodeling

Front 40

remodeling

Back 40

excess bone tissue is reabsorbed and bone healing is complete

Front 41

fracture classification accroding to location

Back 41

tibeal plateau, tibial tuberosity, tibial shaft, lateral malleolus ... or... promimal, middle, and distal third of the bone

Front 42

what helps bone to remodel?

Back 42

physical stress

Front 43

how does physical stress assist bone remodeling

Back 43

new bone is deposited in sties subjected to stress and resorbed at areas where there is little stress

Front 44

When does remodeling occur?

Back 44

up to a year following injury

Front 45

delayed union

Back 45

bone healing does not occur within the expected time

Front 46

nonunion

Back 46

bone does not heal at all,

Front 47

what can cause nonunion?

Back 47

inadequate reducation and immobilization; excess movement; infection; poor nutrition; systemic disease

Front 48

How can age affect bone healing?

Back 48

healing time increases with age

Front 49

possible tx for nonunion or delayed union

Back 49

electrical stimulation

Front 50

how does electrical stimulate bone remodeling?

Back 50

unknown, may be t/t nevative electrical fields attracting positive ions such as calcium

Front 51

Overall goals of fracture tx

Back 51

reduction; immobilization; restoration of function to the affected part

Front 52

reduction

Back 52

anatomic realignment of bone fragments

Front 53

what does nonunion result in

Back 53

fibrous union or pseudarthrosis

Front 54

malunion

Back 54

fx heals in expected time but in wrong position

Front 55

angulation

Back 55

fx heals in abnormal position in relation to midline of structure (form of malunion)

Front 56

Pseudarthrosis

Back 56

False joint is formed on shaft of long bone. Fracture site that failed to fuse; each bone is covered with fibrous scar ts.

Front 57

refracture

Back 57

new fx that occurs at original fx site

Front 58

myositis ossificans

Back 58

Soft ts hematoma ossifies