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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE TISSUE (4)
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MOVEMENT--converting chemical energy to mechanical energy
POSTURE--stabilizing the body structure THERMOGENESIS--producing 85% of body heat MAINTAIN ORGAN VOLUME |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLE TISSUE (4)
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EXCITABILITY--(irritability) can respond to stimuli to produce action potentials
CONTRACTILITY--shortening and thickening of muscle tissue EXTENSIBILITY--stretch w/o snapping ELASTICITY--stretch and return to original shape |
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ACTION POTENTIAL
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ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
A momentary change in electrical potential on the surface of a cell, especially of a nerve or muscle cell, that occurs when it is stimulated, resulting in the transmission of an electrical impulse. |
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TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE
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SKELETAL--striated, attached to bone, voluntary
CARDIAC--striated, involuntary, cells are bifurcated and contain intercalated discs SMOOTH--non-striated, in hollow internal structures, involuntary |
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Every muscle has...
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A motor nerve, an artery and 2 veins
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Every muscle CELL has...
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a branch of a nerve associated with it called a MOTOR NEURON
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Because of its high demand for nutrients and oxygen, every muscle FIBER has...
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at least one capillary associated with it
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MOTOR UNIT
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A motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates
1 Motor Neuron stimulates about 150 muscle fibers on average |
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NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
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The point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber
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Sarcolemma
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Plasma membrane of a muscle cell
It surrounds the sarcoplasm (muscle cell's cytoplasm) |
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ACETYLCHOLINE
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Ach
a neurotransmitter associated with a motor unit. It swims across the synaptic cleft and docks on a receptor on the muscle, triggering an electric current. |
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How does Ach work?
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Once released by the nerve cell tip, it crosses the synaptic cleft and docks on a receptor on the sarcolemma. This triggers an electric current that continues on the outside of the muscle cell until it reaches a TRANSVERSE TUBULE. It travels down the tubule, into the cell, until it reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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TRANSVERSE TUBULE
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Carries the action potential from the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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MOTOR NEURON
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A nerve fiber that stimulates a muscle fiber
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SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM
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Calcium storage structures within the sarcoplasm
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MYOFIBRILS
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Threadlike, contractile elements of a muscle cell. Each one is made up of 2 myofilaments
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2 TYPES OF MYOFILAMENTS?
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Thick filaments made of MYOSIN
Thin filaments made of ACTIN |
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SARCOMERE
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The arrangement of myofilaments from one end of a muscle cell to another
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FASCIA
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fibrous connective tissue that surrounds and protects muscle tissue
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2 TYPES OF FASCIA?
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SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
DEEP FASCIA |
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SUPERFICIAL FASCIA
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The subcutaneous layer of fascia, a mixture of areolar and adipose tissue
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FUNCTIONS OF SUPERFICIAL FASCIA (4)
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Stores water and fat
insulates the body mechanical protection from trauma place for nerves and blood vessels to enter and exit the muscle tissues |
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DEEP FASCIA
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Dense connective tissue that holds the muscles in place and separates them into functional groups.
Its layers may extend beyond the muscle fiber and connect to the periosteum as a tendon |
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3 TYPES OF DEEP FASCIA?
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EPIMYSIUM--wraps the muscle
PERIMYSIUM--wraps the fascicles ENDOMYSIUM--wraps individual muscle fibers |
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FASCICLE
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Bundles of 10-100 or more muscle fibers
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APONEUROSIS
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A broad, flattened tendon
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8 STEPS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION?
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1. Nerve impulse travels down nerve
2. Neuron releases Ach 3. Ach crosses synapse and binds to receptor on muscle cell 4. AP travels across muscle surface to a transverse tubule (TT) 5. AP travels down TT to SR and releases calcium 6. Calcium binds troponin and frees up the myosin binding site 7. ATP splits off myosin and frees up actin binding site 8. Actin and Myosin bind and slide by each other = POWERSTROKE |
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POWERSTROKE
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When Actin and Myosin bind together and slide by each other.
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3 STEPS OF MUSCLE CELL RELAXATION?
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1. ACH is broken down by an enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
2.Pumps in the SR walls move the Ca2+ from the sarcoplasm back to its storage location in the SR to stop Actin and Myosin from contracting 3. ATP is put back on the cross-bridge |
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3 TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION?
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1. ISOTONIC
2. ISOMETRIC 3. TONE/TONUS/MUSCLE TONE |
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ISOTONIC CONTRACTION
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A constant load is moved through a ROM. There are two types:
1. concentric--muscle shortens 2. eccentric--muscle lengthens as myofibrils continue to contract (lowering a barbell) |
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ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION
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Muscle length stays the same as tension increases (holding a barbell out in front of you)
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TONE/TONUS/MUSCLE TONE
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a sustained, partial contraction of a muscle
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ATP PRODUCTION (3)
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Creatine-Phosphagen System--ATP + Creatine-->Creatine Phosphate and ADP
Glycolosis--Glucose-->2 Pyruvic Acid+ATP Anaerobic Respiration--Pyruvic Acid-->Lactic Acid+ATP Aerobic Respiration--Pyruvic Acid + O2-->ATP+CO2+H2O |
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2 FACTORS AFFECTING MUSCLE CONTRACTION (FATIGUE)
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1. The amount of glucose, glycogen, fatty acids and amino acids available
2. the amount of oxygen available |
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Where do aerobic and anaerobic ATP production take place?
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aerobic-->in the mitochondria
anaerobic-->in the sarcoplasm |
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3 SKELETAL MUSCLE TYPES?
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1. Slow twitch (type 1) or slow oxidative
2. Fast twitch (type IIA) or fast oxidative 3. Fast twitch (type IIB) or glycolytic |
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SLOW TWITCH (TYPE 1) OR SLOW OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBERS...
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--make ATP aerobically
--resist fatigue (lots of endurance) --for example, postural muscles |
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FAST TWITCH (TYPE IIA) OR FAST OXIDATIVE MUSCLE FIBERS...
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--make ATP aerobically
--for example, sprinter's legs |
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FAST OXIDATIVE (TYPE IIB) OR GLYCOLYTIC MUSCLE FIBERS...
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--make ATP with glycolosis (anaerobically)
--fatigue quickly and easily --for example, arm muscles |
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2 WAYS TO BREAK INTO THE PAIN CYCLE?
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--ICE
--MANUAL RELEASE |
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MUSCLE TISSUE DAMAGE LEADS TO...
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--increased muscle fiber shortening
--capillary constriction |
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PROPRIOCEPTORS (2)
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--MUSCLE SPINDLES--in the muscle cells, they assess how fast the length changes
--GOLGI TENDON ORGANS--in the tendons, measure tension --Together they tell you the mass (weight) of an object |
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Aerobic reactions in muscles take place in the...
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mitochondria
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Anaerobic reactions in muscles take place in the...
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sarcoplasm
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Anaerobic chemical reactions include...
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Creatine-Phosphagen System
Glycolosis Anaerobic respiration |
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ATP is created aerobically through
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Aerobic respiration
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Muscle fibers store enough ATP for...
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2 seconds worth of work
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Anaerobic production of ATP stores enough energy for...
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about 1 minute of work
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Glycolosis breaks down...
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glucose to pyruvic acid and ATP
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Anaerobic respiration breaks down Pyruvic Acid to...
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Lactic acid and ATP
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In Aerobic Respiration, O2 reacts with Pyruvic acid to form...
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ATP, CO2, and H2O
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What are the three characteristics of muscle tissue?
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excitability, contractility and elasticity
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What type of muscle tissue is found in blood vessels?
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smooth
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What neurotransmitter allows a nerve impulse to jump across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fiber?
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acetylcholine
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What is the function of superficial fascia?
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insulation and storage of water and fat for the body
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What is an aponeurosis?
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a muscle tendon that is oriented in a broad, flat manner
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What is the name of the CT that surround the muscle?
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epimysium
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Name the layers of fascia that surround muscle, from superficial to deep:
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epimysium
perimysium endomysium |
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What is a motor unit?
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a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates
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What is stored in the endoplasmic reticulum?
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calcium
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Holding a chainsaw out in front of you involves what kind of contraction?
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isometric
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What is the type of muscle contraction in which the muscle changes length?
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isotonic
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Where are muscle spindles located?
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in the muscle belly
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What do Golgi tendon organs do?
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measure tension developed as a result of muscle contraction
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What directly surrounds the sarcoplasm?
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sarcolemma
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What is the difference between muscle spindles and Golgi tendons?
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Muscle spindles respond to changes in muscle length
Golgi tendons respond to changes in muscle tension |
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What is elasticity?
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the ability to stretch and recoil
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What is contractility?
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The ability to shorten
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What excitability?
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the ability to respond to a stimuli
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What is extensibility?
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The ability to stretch without breaking
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What kind of tissue is deep fascia?
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dense irregular connective tissue
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Thin myofilaments of striated muscle fiber are anchored to...?
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z lines
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What do transverse tubules do?
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transmit the action potential to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What is tonus?
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a partial sustained contraction of a muscle
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Returning to the supine position from a sit up is what type of muscle contraction in the abdominal muscles?
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eccentric
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What directly triggers actin and myosin to begin contraction?
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calcium
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What enzyme is responsible for the cessation (stopping) of the nerve impulse in the relaxation of the muscle fiber?
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acetylcholinesterase
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What two factors affect muscle contraction (fatigue)?
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the amount of oxygen available and the amount of glucose available to the muscle cell
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What do our bodies need in order to make ATP, carbon dioxide, water and heat?
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oxygen
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Where does anaerobic respiration occur?
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in the sarcoplasm
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Muscles store enough ATP for ____ of vigorous activity
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2 seconds
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Which form of respiration do we get the most ATP from?
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aerobic
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Aerobic respiration takes place in the...?
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mitochondria
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What is the function of the mitochondria?
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to use oxygen and pyruvic acid to make ATP
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What is needed to move troponin/tropomyosin aside to expose binding sites on actin?
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calcium
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What is the most efficient way to produce ATP?
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aerobic (oxidative) respiration
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What is a byproduct of anaerobic respiration?
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lactic acid
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What is the best way to resolve a cramp in gastrocnemius?
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resisted dorsiflexion
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