Muscular System

Front 1

First Class Lever (EFR)

Back 1

Fulcrum is positioned between the effort and the resistance, like scissors

Front 2

Example of a first class lever

Back 2

Atlantoccipital joint

Front 3

Second Class Lever (FRE)

Back 3

Resistance is positioned between the fulcrum and the effort, like a wheelbarrow

Front 4

Example of a second class lever

Back 4

Contraction of the calf to elevate the body by the toes

Front 5

Third Class Lever (FER)

Back 5

Effort lies between the fulcrum and the resistance, like a forcep grasping something

Front 6

Example of a third class lever

Back 6

Most skeletal muscles. Elbow flexion

Front 7

What are the four properties of all muscles tissues?

Back 7

Excitability (irritability), contractility, extensibility, and elasticity

Front 8

Excitability

Back 8

Irritability. Receives and responds to stimuli from nerve impulses

Front 9

Contractility

Back 9

Responds to nerve stimuli by contracting lengthwise, or shortening

Front 10

Extensibility

Back 10

Once a stimulus has subsided and muscle fibers relax, they may be stretched beyond their resting length by a contraction of an opposing muscle

Front 11

Elasticity

Back 11

After being stretched, muscle fibers tend to recoil to their original resting length

Front 12

Aponeruoses and example

Back 12

Flattened, sheetlike tendons. (e.g. illeotibial tract on the lateral thigh)

Front 13

Tendons

Back 13

Composed of dense reg. fibrous CT, attach most muscles to bones (few are attached by direct attachment)

Front 14

Muscle's Origin

Back 14

Less movable point of a muscle's attachment

Front 15

Muscle's insertion

Back 15

More movable point of a muscle's attachment

Front 16

Superficial (subcutaneous) fascia

Back 16

Secures skin to underlying structures and is usually laced with adipose tissue

Front 17

Deep fascia

Back 17

Inward extension of the superficial fascia. Lacks adipose tissue. Blends with the epimysium

Front 18

Muscle fascicles

Back 18

Bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by the perimysium

Front 19

Parallel arrangement of fascicles

Back 19

Muscle is relatively long and straplike

Front 20

Example of parallel arrangement of fascicles

Back 20

Sternocleidomastoid, startorius, rectus abdominis

Front 21

Fusiform arrangement of fascicles

Back 21

Muscle has an expanded central belly

Front 22

Example of Fusiform arrangement of fascicles

Back 22

Biceps, brachii, gastrocnemius

Front 23

Convergent arrangement of fasicles

Back 23

Muscle is fan-shaped, with a broad origin and narrow insertion

Front 24

Example of Convergent arrangement of fasicles

Back 24

Pectoralis major

Front 25

Circular arrangement of fascicles

Back 25

Sphincters. Fibers are circularly arranged around an orifice. Orifice closes when contracted

Front 26

Example of Circular arrangement of fascicles

Back 26

Obicularis oris, obicularis oculi

Front 27

Pennate arrangement of fascicles

Back 27

Short fascicles & long tendon running most of the muscle length. Fascicles run obliquely into the tendon like the plumes of a feather. Strong muscles.

Front 28

Unipennate arrangement of fascicles and Example

Back 28

Has all fasicles on one side of tendon. (e.g. semimembranosus)

Front 29

Bipennate arrangement of fascicles and Example

Back 29

Has fascicles on two sides of the tendon (e.g. rectus femoris)

Front 30

Multipennate arrangement of fascicles and Example

Back 30

Has many tendons (e.g. deltoid)

Front 31

Prime mover (agonist)

Back 31

Muscle primarily responsible for producing a movement

Front 32

Example of Prime movers (agonist)

Back 32

Biceps brachii flexes forearm

Front 33

Synergist muscles

Back 33

Contract together to accomplish a movement

Front 34

Example of Synergist muscles

Back 34

Biceps brachii and brachialis contract together to flex the elbow joint

Front 35

Antagonists

Back 35

Muscles that perform opposite functions. Usually located on the opposite sides of a joint

Front 36

Example of Antagonists

Back 36

Triceps brachii is antagonistic to the biceps brachii. Triceps contraction extens the elbow

Front 37

Fixators

Back 37

Synergistic muscles that hold a bone in place to stabilize it fot the prime mover

Front 38

Example of Fixators

Back 38

Rotator cuff muscles that fix the scapula when the arm moves

Front 39

How are muscles named?

Back 39

On the basis of their shape, location, attachment, fiber orientation, relative position, or function

Front 40

Examples of muscles named by location

Back 40

Intercostal = between ribs. Brachii = arm

Front 41

Examples of muscles named by Shape

Back 41

Deltoid = triangle. Trapezius = trapezoid. Rhomboideus = rhomboid. Teres = round

Front 42

Examples of muscles named by number of heads

Back 42

Biceps (2), triceps (3), quadriceps (4)

Front 43

Examples of muscles named by size. Hint: Lg/Sm, Lg'st/sm'st in grp, Long/short

Back 43

Large/small (pectoralis 'major/minor'), Largest/smallest in group (gluteus 'maximus/minimus'), Long/short (peroneus 'longus/brevis')

Front 44

Examples of muscles named by orientation

Back 44

'Rectus/transverse' abdominis (parallel/perpendicular to midline), Ext/Int. 'oblique' (diagonal to midline)

Front 45

Examples of muscles named by location of attachment

Back 45

Sternocleidomastoid

Front 46

Examples of muscles named by action

Back 46

Adductor, abductor, flexor, extensor, pronator, supinator, levator, and depressor

Front 47

Name 2 neck muscles and what muscles are included in each neck muscle

Back 47

Suprahyoid: Digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid. Infrahyoid: Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, thyrohyoid.

Front 48

What are the 4 major muscles of respiration

Back 48

Diaphragm (prime mover), Ext/Int. intercostals, scalenes

Front 49

Describe the ext. abdominal oblique

Back 49

Most superficial of the 3 lateral abdominal muscle laters. Fibers form a 'V'

Front 50

Describe the int. abdominal oblique

Back 50

Deep to ext. abdom. oblique. Fibers form an inverted 'V'

Front 51

Describe the transversus abdominis

Back 51

Deepest layer

Front 52

Describe the rectus abdominis

Back 52

Long, anterior, medial straplike muscle enclosed in a fibrous sheath from the aponeuroses of the other 3 muscles

Front 53

What are the three major muscles that move the vertebral column

Back 53

Rectus abdominis, Erector spinae, Quadratus lumborum

Front 54

Rectus abdominis

Back 54

Antagonistic to posterior trunk muscles

Front 55

Erector spinae

Back 55

Prime mover of back extension. Posterior, superficial muscle group that extends from the sacrum.

Front 56

What are the three muscle groups of the erector spinae and describe them.

Back 56

Iliocostalis/Longissimus/Spinalis (Lateral/intermediate/medial muscles)