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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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most of the calcium in our body is located in..
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bone
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of the amount of calcium ingested, how much is excreted in feces?
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80%
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molecule enabling calcium absorption
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calcitriol
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molecule reducing blood calcium allowing calcium entry into bone
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calcitonin
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molecule increasing blood calcium; counteracts calcitonin
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PTH
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cells that create new bone
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osteoblasts
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cells that resorb bone
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osteoclasts
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osteoblasts that have become encased in bone canaliculi are called
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osteocytes
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two important components of ground substance
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hyalurunan
chondroitin sulfate |
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name fo uncalcified bone
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osteoid
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name for general area that bone remodeling is taking place
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osteon
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name of area where collagen is being laid down and hydroxyapatite is formed
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osteoid
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which cells synthesize collagen in the RER
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osteoblasts
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the polymerization of the collagen that osteoblasts synthesize/secrete is called
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osteoid
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what provides tensile strength to bones?
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collagen
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protein that acts as condensation point for hydroxyapatite
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osteonectin
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chaperone protein taking osteonectin to collagen
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osteocalcin
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what allows calcium and phosphate to become supersaturated and precipitate on collage as hydroxyapatite
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high pH due to hydroxide ion secretion
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two important components that osteoclasts need to resorb bone
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acid phosphatase
hydrogen ion |
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purpose of hydrogen ion in bone resorption
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eliminate hydroxide ion from hydroxyapatite
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purpose acid phosphatase in bone resorption
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removes phosphate ions from hydroxyapatite
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enzyme that breaks down exposed collagen in bone resorption
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collagenase
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overall product of osteoclast activity
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phosphate, calcium and amino acids into blood
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bone formation stimulated by (4)
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esterogen
androgen calcitonin growth hormone |
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bone formation inhibited by (1)
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cortisol
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bone resorption stimulated by (2)
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PTH
cortisol |
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bone resorption inhibited by (3)
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esterogen
androgen calcitonin |
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3 types of cartilage
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hyalin
elastic fibrocartilage |
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type of growth exhibited by cartilage
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interstitial growth
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T/F: cartilage can grow by both interstitial and appositional growth?
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T
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type of collagen found in cartilage
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type 2
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type of collagen in fibrous connective tissue and bone
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type 1
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type of fibers found in elastic cartilage but not in hyalin cartilage
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elastic fibers
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difference between hyalin cartilage and fibrocartilage
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fibrocartilage intermingles with connective tissue
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name of layer that covers bone
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periosteum
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inner layer of bone lining the marrow
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endosteum
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contents of the central canal in a haversian system
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smalle venule
thin nerve fibers |
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what provides communication between haversian systems (horizontally)
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Volkmann's canals
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3 different types/ways bone is laid down?
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Haversian system (primary)
outer circumferential lamellae inner circumferential lamellae |
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structure of bone in between haversian systems
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inner circumferential lamellae
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structure of bone with lamellae parallel to each other
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outer circumferential lamellae
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which is thinner: endosteum or periosteum?
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endosteum
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osteoblasts are derived from
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mesenchymal cells (connective tissue)
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type of bone growth charaterized by direct ossification
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intramembraneous
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type of bone growth characterized by mineralization of cartilage
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endochondral
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two components of cartilage
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chondrocytes
extracellular matrix |
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type of collagen in fibrocartilage
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type 1
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uppermost layer of skin
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stratum corneum
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2nd layer of skin
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straum lucidum (opaque)
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3rd layer of skin
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straum granulosum (darker cells)
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thickest layer of skin
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stratum spinosum
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lowermost layer of skin
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straum basale
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tonofilaments are located in
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stratum spinosum
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function tonofilaments
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cellular resistance to abrasion
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2 layers of dermis
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papillary (above)
reticular (basement; thicker) |
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3 types of fibers in dermis
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elastic (thick; farthest from epidermis)
elaunin (moderate) oxytalan (thin; closest to epidermis) |
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function oxytalan,elaunin fibers?
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helps dermis maintain adherence to epidermis when skin is stretched
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nerve found in deep region of dermis; high freq. vibration and deep pressure
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pacinian
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nerves that respond to heat
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ruffini fibers
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nerve that responds to low freq. vibration; fine touch
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meissner's (stratum basale)
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nerves that sense cold
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Krause
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function sebum (via sebaceous gland)
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conveys water resistance to hair
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disease known as brittle bone disease
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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group of disorders caused by deficiencies in the synthesis of type 1 collagen
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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blue sclera signifies...
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type 1 collagen disorder
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otherwise known as marble bone disease
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osteopetrosis
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group of disease characterized by reduced osteoclastic bone resorption
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osteopetrosis
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decreased hematopoiesis b/c of repeated infections plus anemia signifies what disease?
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osteopetrosis
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disease of inc. porosity of skeleton due to dec bone mass predisposing bone to fracture
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osteoporosis
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two most common forms of osteoporosis
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senile
post-menopausal |
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type of osteoporosis seen in older ppl where bone producing cells have diminished ability to make bone
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senile
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type of osteoporosis characterized by a hormone-dependent acceleration of bone loss
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post-menopausal
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diseases characterized by a defect in matrix mineralization
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osteomalacia (adults)
rickets (kids) [deficiency in vitamin D] |
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protuberance of frontal bone is termed..
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frontal bossing
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inflammation of the bone
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osteomyelitis (due to pyogenic and mycobacteria)
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bacteria responsible for 80-90% of pyogenic osteomyelitis
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S. Aureus
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disease characterized by localized, frenzied osteoclastic activity but yields a net gain in bone mass
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Paget Disease (new bone is malformed)
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another name for paget disease
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osteitis deformans
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benign, slow-growing tumors of bone
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osteomas
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malignant mesenchymal tumor; most common promary malignant tumor of bone
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osteosarcoma
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normal bone is replaced by fibrous connective tissue resulting in non-maturing bone; benign
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fibrous dysplasia
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two types of striated muscle
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skeletal
cardiac |
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term for a bundle of muscle fibers
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fascicle
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what surrounds each fascicle?
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perimysium
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many myofilaments make up a.
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myofibril
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many myofibrils make up a.
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myofiber
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name of band containing the thick filaments
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A band (dark band)
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name of band that doesn't contain any thick filaments
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I band (light band)
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which band bisects the I band
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Z band--marks end of sarcomere
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distance between z bands..
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sarcomere
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band containing no thin filaments
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H band
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line in middle of sarcomere; bisects H band
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M line
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molecule that is wrapped around outside of actin
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tropomyosin
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molecule that blocks the interactions of actin and myosin preventing muscle contraction
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troponin
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when a muscle contracts, calcium interacts with what to move tropomyosin out of the way of binding sites?
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troponin
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during contraction, which band remains unchanged?
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A band (Dark band)
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T/F: actin is composed of two chains (two F-actin molecules) which are composed of many G-actin monomers
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T
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T/F: we have twice as many thin filaments and thick filaments
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T
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T/F: there is no tropomyosin and no troponin in smooth muscle
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T
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where is calcium stored in muscle?
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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another name for nerve terminus
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bouton
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which protein binds the vesicle to the membrane for release of NT
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SNARE protein
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where are nicotinic type receptors found
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neuromuscular juntion
ganglia adrenal medula (auto. ns) |
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where are muscarinic type receptors found
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smooth/cardiac muscle
glandular smooth muscle |
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where are snare proteins found?
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outer surface membrane of NT-stored vesicles
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protein that promotes movement of vesicles to active sites on pre-synaptic membrane
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synapsins
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protein that binds calcium on transmitter vesicle causing vesicle to fuse to pre-synaptic membrane to dump NT
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synaptogamin
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protein essential for NT release into cleft
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synaptobrevin
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protein promoting channel formation
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synaptophysin
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where is ryanodine receptor located?
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terminal cistern
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syntaxin (on terminal membrane) binds synaptobrevin (on vesicle membrane) which does what?
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pulls vesicle to terminal membrane for release of NT
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calcium enters bouton and binds which molecule facilitating NT release?
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synaptogamin
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basic contracile unit of muscle
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sarcomere
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what determines how much distance a muscle can shorten?
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# of sarcomeres in series
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what determines the strength or the load that can be moved by a muscle
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sarcomeres in parallel
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what does weightlifting do?
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increases the number of sarcomeres in parallel (inc. muscle diameter)
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contraction that maintains a tension slightly greater than the load and maintains that tension through whole movement; muscle shortens
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isotonic contraction
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when muscle tension > load, the load....
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moves
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name of contraction where muscle is contracting but doesn't shorten. Tension doesn't exceed the load.
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isometric
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in isotonic contraction, why is there a delay between onset of stimulus and peak response?
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must first take up slack
"series elastic response" --muscle pulls on tendon first |
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3 groups of muscle cells
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fast twitch
intermediate twitch slow twitch |
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different types of myosins and different myosin ATPase activity leads to...
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fast/intermediate and slow twich fibers
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fast twitch, _____ fatigue
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rapid
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slow twitch, _____ fatigue
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slow
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ATP source for fast twitch fibers
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glycolysis
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ATP source for slow twitch fibers
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oxidative phosphorylation
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fiber size in fast twitch
fiber size in slow twitch |
fast twitch = large fibers
slow twitch = small fibers |
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duration of contraction is linked to
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rate of return of calcium back to SR
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T/F: the muscle AP is complete before tension begins to develop
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T
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T/F: cross bridging occurs while intracellular calcium is elevated
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T (obvious)
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why does twitch tension lag slightly behind the intracellular calcium curve?
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delay due to series elastic element
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the extent a muscle is stretched before contraction determines...
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how strongly the muscle can contract
[strength contraction function of crossbridges in parallel] |
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T/F: muscle contraction will be weaker as the muscle shortens
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T--muscle length becomes less than optimal for crossbridging
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why do muscles fatigue?
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ATP is depleted for crossbridging
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2 ways to increase contractile strength
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1) summation of contractions
2) recruitment of motor units (fire additional motor neurons to activate the fibers they innervate) |
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what does phosphocreatine do?
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regenerate ATP in critical areas
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effects of distance running on muscle cells
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shift toward slow twitch characteristics
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"lyle" = ____ muscle
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smooth
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"rhambdo" = ____ muscle
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skeletal
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biochemical marker for myonecrosis
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serum creatine kinase
[enzyme that moves phosphate from phosphocreatine to ADP to regenerate ATP] |
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type of muscle disease which is segmental; muscle affected at different points
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myonecrosis
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disease resulting in myofibers losing innervation; they shrink and become angular
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denervation atrophy [loss of myofilaments, no necrosis]
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neuronal muscle atrophy
loss of motor neurons in ant. horn of spinal cord loss of fine motor control; dropping objects |
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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stiffness; difficulty in relaxing grip; extremities only
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myotonia
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painful/involuntary muscle spasm/contraction
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myoclonus--cramp
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degeneration/loss of myofibers; clinically progressive weakness; serum CK
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muscular dystrophy
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breakdown of fibrous proteins that stabalize sarcolemma during contraction/relaxation
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muscular dystrophy
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polymyositis primarily affects...
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adults
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disease caused by antibodies to Ach receptor; cannot transfer nerve stimulation to muscle fiber
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myasthenia gravis
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ptosis, diplopia, dysphagia, dyspnea; no pain or numbness
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myasthenia gravis
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