• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/20

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

20 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Bony landmarks of
Scapula
- slightly curves, flattened bone with spine on dorsal surface
a) triangular shaped:
1) three sides: superior border, medial (vertebral) border, & lateral (axillary) border
2) three sorners: superior angle, inferior angle, glenoid fossa
b) spine - continues laterally as acromion process
1) spine of scapula, acromion & clavicle together form V-shape - easily palpated
c) three fossae - two dorsally and one ventrally:
1) supraspinous fossae, infraspinous fossa, and subscapular fossa
d) coracois process (Gk. crow's beak) - prokects anteriorly below clavicle
e) supraglenoid tubercle and infraglenoid tubercle - above & below glenoid fossa
f) suprascapular notch - on superior border
Bony landmarks of
Humerus
- landmarks associated with proximal half of humerus
a) head - articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula at glenohumeral joint
b) greater tubercle (on lateral side of humerus) and lesser tubercle (on anterior side)
c) bicipital groove (intertubercular groove) - located between tubercles
d) anatomical neck - at base of the head; attachment site for fibrous articular capsule of glenohumeral joint (capsule of shoulder joint)
e) surgical neck - where bone narrows from head & tubercles to become shaft of humerus
f) deltoid tuberosity - V-shaped roughened area on lateral side of mid-humerus
Muscles of the Shoulder
1) six muscles running from the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral coumn, sacrum, rib cage) to the pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle):
a) trapezius, levator scapulae, rhonboids (major & minor), serrattus anterior, pectoralis minor
b) three muscles act on the scapula or clavicle - serve to elevate-depress, protract-retract, or superiorly-inferiorly rotate scapula
2) two muscles running from the axial skeleton to the humerus:
a) pectoralis major & latissimus dorsi
b) produce flexion or extension, medial rotation, adduction of humerus
3) six muscles running from the pectoral girdle to the humerus:
a) rotator cuff muscles: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
b) deltoid, teres major
c) rotator cuff muscles hold head of humerus in place at shoulder joint, and rotate or abduct humerus; others abduct or adduct, medially rotate humerus
Superficial Back Muscles
x 4
1) Trapezius Muscle
- right & left muscles together form trapezoid (4 sided figure)
Origin - posterior base of skull, spinous processes of C1-C7 vertebrae (via ligamentum nuchae), spinous processes of T1-T12 vertebrae
Insert - lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
Innerv - Accessory N. CN XI
Action -
- upper fibers - elevate scapula and clavicle
- middle fibers - retract scapula
- lower fibers - depress scapula
- upper + lower fibers - superior rotation of scapula (rotation defined by direction of glenoid fossa movement)
- suspensory muscles of pectoral girdle - holds shoulders up & back (military position)
- used to raise or steady pectoral girdle when holding weight on shoulder or in hand
- superior rotation of scapula required for full abduction of arm at shoulder joint
Superficial Back Muscles
x 4
2) Latissimus dorsi muscle
Origin - spines of T7-L5 vertebrae, posterior sacrum, iliac crest, ribs 10-12, and inferior angle of scapula
Insert - bicipital (intertubercular) groove on anterior side of humerus (fibers rotate at insertion - lowermost fibers have highest point of attachment)
(muscle passes medial & then anterior to humerus)
Innerv - thoracodorsal nerve
Action - latissimus dorsi muscle extends, adducts & medially rotates humerus
- broad area of origin with narrow site of insertion serves to concentrate muscle force
- latissimus dorsi is powerful extensor of flexed arm (from above head to behind back - used in swimming, chopping wood; rowing; raising body when hanging by hands
Superficial Back Muscles
x 4
3) Levator scapulae muscle
Origin - C1-C4 vertebrae
Insert - medial border of scapula, above spine
Innerv - dorsal scapula nerve
Action - elevates scapula (shrugs shoulders)
Superficial Back Muscles
x 4
4) Rhomboid Muscles (major & minor)
Origin - C7-T5 vertebrae
Insert - medial border of scapula (at base of spine & inferior to spine)
Innerv - dorsal scapula nerve
Action - retract (adducts) scapula
Posterior Shoulder Region
x 2 Muscles
1) Deltoid
2) Teres major
- muscles extending from scapula & clavicle to humerus
Deltoid Muscle
- forms rounded bulk over shoulder joint; crosses superior to shoulder joint
Origin - Anterior Fibers - lateral 1/3 of clavicle
Middle Fibers - acromion of scapula
Posterior fibers - spine of scapula
Insert - deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Innerv - axillary nerve
Action - Anterior Fibers - flexion of arm at shoulder; some medial rotation of humerus
Middle fibers - abduction of humerus
Posterior fibers - extension of arm at shoulder; some lateral rotation of humerus
Middle fibers of deltois have greatest strength but limited range of motion; anterior & posterior fibers have greater range of motion, but are weaker
Deltoid is strong abductor of raised humerus but weak initiator of abduction when arm is hanging at side
Alternating actions of anterior & posterior fibers produce back-forth swing of upper limb during walking
Teres Major Muscle
- very powerful muscle
Origin - lateral border of scapula
Insert - bicipital groove (intertubercle groove) on anterior side of humerus (passes medial & anterior to humerus; insertion fused with latissimus dorsi muscle)
Innerv - subscapular nerve
Action - extends, adducts & medially rotates humerus (same as latissimus dorsi muscle)
Rotator Cuff Muscles

x 4
- tendons fused into articular capsule of shoulder joint then insert onto humerus
- hold head of humerus in glenoid fossa - provide major support for shoulder joint
Rotator Cuff Muscles
x 4
1) Suprspinatus Muscle
Origin - supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insert - greater tubercle of humerus (upper part of greater tubercle)
(passes under acromion & over head of humerus)
Innerv - suprascapular nerve
Action - initiates abduction of humerus (motion continued by deltoid muscle)
** only 2 muscles pass over head of humerus & serve as abductors at shoulder joint - these are supraspinatus muscle and middle fibers of deltoid muscle
Rotator Cuff Muscles
x 4
2) Infraspinatus Muscle
Origin - infraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insert - greater tubercle of humerus (directly below supraspinatus muscle)
innerv - suprascapular nerve
Action - lateral rotation of humerus (muscle passes posterior to shoulder joint & attaches to lateral side of humerus)
Rotator Cuff Muscles
x 4
3) Teres Minor Muscle
Origin - lateral border of scapula (above teres major muscle)
Insert - greater tubercle of humerus (directly below infraspinatus muscle)
Innerv - axillary nerve
Action - lateral rotation of humerus (muscle passes posterior to shoulder joint & attaches to lateral side of humerus)
Rotator Cuff Muscles
x 4
4) Subscapularis Muscle
- very strong muscle
Origin - subscapular fossa
Insert - lesser tubercle of humerus
Innerv - subscapular nerve
Action - medial rotation of arm at shoulder; some adduction of humerus;
-- muscle passes medial & anterior to shoulder joint; attaches to anterior side of humerus)
Muscles of Anterior & Lateral Chest Wall
x3
1) Pectoralis Major Muscle
- large fan-shaped muscle; small insertion concentates force
Origin - a) clavicular head - medial 1/2 of clavicle
b) Sternocostal head - sternum, ribs, 2-6, aponeurosis of abdominal wall muscles
Insert - bicipital groove (intertubercular groove) of humerus
(lower half of muscle has half twist - lowest arising fibers insert highest on humerus)
Innerv - medial & lateral pectoral nerves
Action - a) adduction, & medial rotation of humerus
b) flexion of extended arm
c) extension of flexed arm or pulls chest toward fixed arm (as in climbing)
Muscles of Anterior & Lateral Chest Wall
x3
2) Pectoralis Minor Muscle
- small muscles deep to pectoralis major
Origin - ribs 3-5
Insert - coracoid process of scapula
Innerv - medial pectoral nerve
Action - stabilizes scapula against body wall; assists with inferior rotation of scapula
Muscles of Anterior & Lateral Chest Wall
x3
3) Serratus Anterior Muscle
- boxers muscle
Origin - anterior-lateral surfaces of ribs 1-8
Insert - medial border and inferior angle of scapula (on deep surface of scapula)
(upper 1/2 of muscle inserts onto medial border; lower 1/2 inserts onto inferior angle)
Innerv - long thoracic nerve
Action - a) strong protractor of scapula (pulls scapula forward - used in pushing motion)
b) inferior fibers - superior rotation of scapula
c) holds scapula against body wall
- broad, sheet-like muscle covering lateral side of rib cage
- paralysis - "wing scapula" (pushing causes medial border of scapula to stand out)
Axilla
- pyramidal shaped area at junction of arm and chest - has 4 sides and a base
a) contains all neurovascular structures passing between trunk of body & upper limb
Axillary boundaries
a) anterior wall - pectoralis major and minor muscles
1) inferior free edge of pectoralis major muscle forms Anterior Axillary Fold
b) posterior wall - latissimus dorsi muslce and all scapular muscles
1) inferior edges of latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles from postrior axillary fold
c) medial wall - serratus anterior and rib cage
d) lateral wall - humerus
e) base - axillary fascia (between latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major - forms floor of armpit)