Muscles Of Appendicular Skeleton Lesson Five

Front 1

Ilium means what in Greek?

Back 1

flank

Front 2

What two or three muscles are referred to as the iliopsoas?

Back 2

Iliacus
Psoas Major
Psoas Minor (40% people have)

Front 3

A tight iliopsoas can play a significant role in what two back conditions?

Back 3

lordosis (low back pain?)
scoliosis (curvature of the spine)

Front 4

Psoas Major ORIGIN=

Back 4

T12-L5 (TP, disks, and bodies)

Front 5

Psoas Major INSERTION=

Back 5

lesser trochanter of femur

Front 6

Actions of Psoas Major?

Back 6

hip: flexion (uni- or bilateral)
Unilateral contraction:
hip: lateral rotation
Bilateral contraction:
vertebral column: flexion
pelvis: anterior tilt (i.e. to tilt pelvic bowl to the front)

Front 7

Which muscle is the strongest hip flexor of all?

Back 7

Psoas Major

Front 8

Iliacus ORIGINS=

Back 8

iliac fossa
AIIS

Front 9

Iliacus INSERTION=

Back 9

lesser trochanter of hip

Front 10

Iliacus actions?

Back 10

hip: flexion, lateral rotation
pelvis: anterior tilt pelvic "bowl"

Front 11

What nerve innervates the Iliacus?

Back 11

femoral nerve

Front 12

Which nerve innervates the Psoas Major?

Back 12

lumbar plexus

Front 13

Name the six deep hip lateral rotators:

Back 13

Piriformis
Obturator Internus
Obturator Externus
Quadratus Femoris
Gemellus Superior
Gemellus Inferior

Front 14

What is a useful mnemonic phrase to remember the six deep hip lateral rotators?

Back 14

"Pieced goods often go on quilts"

Front 15

Are the deep hip lateral rotators antagonists to one another?

Back 15

No, they are synergists.

Front 16

What is the common insertion point on the femur for all the deep lateral hip rotators?

Back 16

Greater trochanter

Front 17

Which are stronger, the hip lateral or medial rotators, and what is evidence of this?

Back 17

Lateral hip rotators are stronger, as a group, as seen by the foot turned slightly outward in walking or lying down.

Front 18

Name the largest of the lateral hip rotators, which may be in spasm if one or more feet are in a ducklike position:

Back 18

Piriformis

Front 19

Pirim + forma = what? (Greek)

Back 19

pear-shaped

Front 20

Piriformis ORIGIN=

Back 20

anterior sacrum

Front 21

The nerve that innervates the Piriformis and runs through this muscle in 15% of people:

Back 21

sciatic nerve

Front 22

What action does the Piriformis perform besides hip rotation?

Back 22

hip: aBduction

Front 23

Which four lateral hip rotators are occasionally absent in the body?

Back 23

Gemellus Superior
Gemellus Inferior
Obturator Externus
Quadratus Femoris

Front 24

Translate "Gemellus Superus" and "Inferus" from Latin:

Back 24

twin + upper + beneath

Front 25

Name the ORIGIN and INSERTION of Gemellus Superior:

Back 25

ischial spine
greater trochanter

Front 26

Which muscle runs from the front side of the sacrum past the posterior ilium and inserts on the greater trochanter?

Back 26

Piriformis

Front 27

Which muscle runs from the ischial spine and inserts on the greater trochanter?

Back 27

Gemellus Superior

Front 28

Which muscle runs from the superior ischial tuberosity and inserts on the greater trochanter?

Back 28

Gemellus Inferior

Front 29

What nerve innervates the "Twins"?

Back 29

sciatic nerve innervates Gemellus Superior and Inferior

Front 30

Which muscle passes through and almost fills the lesser sciatic notch?

Back 30

Obturator Internus

Front 31

Which Obturator muscle can be seen more fully from an anterior dissection view?

Back 31

Obturator Externus

Front 32

Obturator Externus ORIGINS (4):

Back 32

obturator membrane
pubis: superior ramus
pubis: inferior ramus
pubis: ischial ramus

Front 33

Which nerve innervates the Obturator Externus?

Back 33

obturator nerve

Front 34

Which nerve innervates the Obturator Internus?

Back 34

sciatic nerve

Front 35

"Obturare" is Latin for what?

Back 35

to obstruct

Front 36

Which two lateral hip rotators are mainly proprioceptors?

Back 36

Obturators

Front 37

Obturator Internus ORIGINS=

Back 37

obturator membrane
ilium: obturator margin

Front 38

Quadratus Femoris is occasionally absent or fused with which adductor?

Back 38

Adductor Magnus

Front 39

Quadratus Femoris ORIGIN=

Back 39

ischium: lateral ischial tuberosity

Front 40

Name the five lateral hip rotator muscles in order superior to inferior (w/o Obturator Externus)

Back 40

Piriformis
Superior Gemellus
Obturator Internus
Inferior Gamellus
Quadratus Femoris

Front 41

Gluteus Maximus is the strongest muscle at doing what?

Back 41

hip: extension

Front 42

What muscle is known as the "fascial tube around the thigh"?

Back 42

Tensor Fascia Lata

Front 43

Gluteus Maximus 3 ORIGINS=

Back 43

sacrum: posterior
coccyx: posterior
ilium: posterior crest and superior gluteal line (or posterior to posterior line)

Front 44

Gluteus Maximus INSERTION=

Back 44

femur: gluteal tuberosity (25% of it)
IT band (75% of it)

Front 45

Name four actions of the Gluteus Maximus

Back 45

hip: extension
hip: lateral rotation
hip: aDDuction
pelvis: posterior tilt

Front 46

Which nerve innervates the Gluteus Maximus?

Back 46

inferior gluteal nerve

Front 47

Which nerve innervates the Gluteus Medius and Minimis?

Back 47

superior gluteal nerve

Front 48

Gluteus Medius ORIGIN=

Back 48

ilium only: just beneath the crest

Front 49

Gluteus Medius INSERTION=

Back 49

femur: greater trochanter

Front 50

4 actions of the Gluteus Medius?

Back 50

hip: aBduction
hip: medial rotation
hip: lateral rotation
pelvis: anterior rotation (lift AIIS)

Front 51

Gluteus Minimis ORIGIN=

Back 51

ilium only: below crest, inferior to other two glutes' origins

Front 52

Gluteus Minimis INSERTION=

Back 52

greater trochanter

Front 53

Gluteus Minimis actions?

Back 53

hip: aBduction
hip: medial rotation
pelvis: anterior rotation (lift AIIS)

Front 54

Which muscle is the synergist to the Gluteus Medius, and a relatively weak hip abductor?

Back 54

Gluteus Minimis

Front 55

Which nerve supplies the Gluteus Minimis?

Back 55

superior gluteal nerve

Front 56

What is the connective tissue called that wraps around the thigh?

Back 56

fascia lata

Front 57

What is the muscle that tenses the CT around the thigh and what are its other actions?

Back 57

The Tensor Fascia Lata acts on the hip in three ways:
hip: flexion
hip: aBduction
hip: medial rotation

Front 58

What nerve innervates the TFL?

Back 58

gluteal nerve

Front 59

"tensor" + "fascia" + "lata" means what in Latin?

Back 59

stretching + band + broad

Front 60

What is the Quadriceps Femoris?

Back 60

The Quadriceps Femoris is a group of four anterior thigh muscle heads (or individual muscles) sharing a common insertion on the tibia. It includes the Rectus Femoris and three Vasti muscles.

Front 61

Rectus Femoris and the three Vasti are collectively known as what muscle?

Back 61

Quadriceps Femoris

Front 62

The Rectus Femoris runs in a channel formed by what muscles? Which does it overlie?

Back 62

Vastus muscles: Intermedius, Medialis and Lateralis. The Rectus Femoris overlies the Vastus Intermedius.

Front 63

Which "quad" crosses the hip joint and has several actions? What are the actions?

Back 63

Rectus Femoris (straight femur):
hip: flexion
knee: extension
pelvis: anterior tilt (spill forward)

Front 64

Which nerve innervates the Quadriceps Femoris?

Back 64

femoral nerve innervates the entire QF

Front 65

Where does the Rectus Femoris originate? (One origin is just superior to what structure?)

Back 65

ilium: AIIS, two spots, (one is just superior to the acetabulum)

Front 66

Rectus Femoris INSERTION=

Back 66

tibia: tibial tuberosity (via patellar tendon)

Front 67

Vastus Intermedius ORIGIN=

Back 67

femur: anterior lateral shaft

Front 68

Vastus Intermedius actions?

Back 68

knee: extension

Front 69

Vastus Medialis actions?

Back 69

knee: extension

Front 70

Which thigh muscle is sometimes called the "teardrop" or "raindrop" muscle? Why?

Back 70

The Vastus Medialis is sometimes called the "teardrop" because of the way it appears when outlined by Sartorius and Rectus Femoris.

Front 71

Vastus Lateralis ORIGIN(s)=

Back 71

linea aspera (lateral lip)
gluteal tuberosity

Front 72

Sartorius nickname?

Back 72

"tailor's muscle" because this muscle is involved with many actions of sitting cross-legged like a tailor

Front 73

What is the longest muscle in the body?

Back 73

Sartorius

Front 74

Name five actions of the Sartorius

Back 74

hip: flexion
hip: lateral rotation
hip: aBduction
knee: flexion
knee: medially rotation (flexed)

Front 75

What nerve innervates the Sartorius?

Back 75

femoral nerve

Front 76

Name the Hamstrings muscles:

Back 76

BMT:
Biceps Femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

Front 77

Do all the "hamstrings" share a collective origin or insertion?

Back 77

Neither.

Front 78

"Semis" + "membrana" means what in Latin?

Back 78

half + membrane

Front 79

M&M is a mnemonic to remember what?

Back 79

Semimembranosis is the most medial hamstring muscle

Front 80

Which muscle lies on top, the Semimembranosus or the Semitendinosus? How to remember this is:

Back 80

Semitendinosus lies superior.
It has a T as in "on TOP"

Front 81

Semimembranosus actions=
and INSERTION=

Back 81

knee: flexion
lower leg: medial rotation (w/ flexed knee)
hip: extension
hip: medial rotation
pelvis: posterior tilt (spills back)
INSERTS at the medial condyle of the tibia (posterior surface)

Front 82

Semitendinosus actions (5)=
and INSERTION=

Back 82

knee: flexion
lower leg: medial rotation (w/ flexed knee)
hip: extension
hip: medial rotation (coxal joint)
pelvis: posterior tilt (spills back)
INSERTS at the pes anserinus (medial proximal tibial shaft)

Front 83

5 Biceps Femoris actions=
and 1 INSERTION=

Back 83

knee: flexion
lower leg: lateral rotation (w/ flexed knee)
hip: extension
hip: lateral rotation
pelvis: posterior tilt (spills back)
INSERTS at the fibular head

Front 84

Long head ORIGIN of Biceps Femoris=

Back 84

ischium: ischial tuberosity

Front 85

Short head ORIGIN of Biceps Femoris=

Back 85

femur: linea aspera
femur: lower lateral lip

Front 86

What nerve innervates the Biceps Femoris?

Back 86

sciatic nerve

Front 87

Which part of the Biceps Femoris may be absent (rarely)?

Back 87

short head

Front 88

Name five hip Adductors:

Back 88

Gracilis
Adductor Magnus
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Pectineus

Front 89

What is the joint that the Adductors of the thigh act upon? Where are they located (general location)?

Back 89

The adductors of the thigh bring the thigh toward the midline by adducting the hip joint. They are located in the inner thigh.

Front 90

The adductors all have their origins on what structure?

Back 90

pubis

Front 91

Gracilis ORIGIN=

Back 91

inferior pubic ramus

Front 92

Gracilis INSERTION=

Back 92

tibia: pen anserinus (medial proximal tibial shaft)

Front 93

Gracilis actions (4):

Back 93

hip: adduction
hip: flexion
knee: flexion
knee: medial rotation when knee is flexed

Front 94

"Gracilis" in Latin means what?

Back 94

slender

Front 95

Which nerve innervates the Gracilis?

Back 95

obturator

Front 96

The femoral shaft and Gracilis form what shape?

Back 96

The letter "V"

Front 97

Which muscle lies deep to the hamstrings?

Back 97

Adductor Magnus

Front 98

Adductor Magnus has origins on what two bones? What are the ORIGINS?

Back 98

ischium: ischial tuberosity and ischial ramus
pubis: inferior ramus

Front 99

Adductor Magnus INSERTION=

Back 99

femur: linea aspera
femur: adductor tubercle

Front 100

What two nerves innervate the Adductor Magnus?

Back 100

sciatic and obturator

Front 101

Which adductor has two sections?

Back 101

Adductor Magnus has two sections: one inserts on the linea aspera and one inserts on the adductor tubercle of the femur.

Front 102

Where is the "adductor hiatus" and what two structures pass through it?

Back 102

The "adductor hiatus" lies between the two sections of the Adductor Magnus and is a passage for the femoral artery and vein.

Front 103

Adductor Longus ORIGIN=

Back 103

pubis: anterior pubic body

Front 104

Adductor Longus INSERTION=

Back 104

middle third of the linea aspera

Front 105

Adductor Longus action?

Back 105

hip: adduction

Front 106

What nerve innnervates the Adductor Longus?

Back 106

obturator nerve

Front 107

Adductor Brevis actions?

Back 107

hip: adduction and possibly medial rotation

Front 108

Adductor Brevis ORIGIN=

Back 108

pubis: inferior pubic ramus

Front 109

Adductor Brevis INSERTION=

Back 109

femur: proximal 1/3 linea aspera

Front 110

Pectineus ORIGIN=

Back 110

superior pubic ramus

Front 111

Pectineus INSERTION=

Back 111

femur: linea aspera (medial lip, inferior to the lesser trochanter)

Front 112

Pectineus action(s)=

Back 112

hip: flexion
hip: adduction

Front 113

What nerve innervates the Pectineus?

Back 113

femoral nerve

Front 114

What muscle group includes the Pectineus and Gracilis?

Back 114

hip adductors

Front 115

Which muscle is often considered an extension of the Iliopsoas muscle and why?

Back 115

Pectineus because of its insertion (linea aspera, inferior to lesser trochanter where Iliopsoas inserts) and shared action of hip flexion.

Front 116

"pes" + "anser" means what?

Back 116

"goose foot"

Front 117

What is the pes anserinus? What mnemonic can be used to remember the muscles here?

Back 117

The tendonous expansions of:
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semi(T)endinosus
inserting at the medial proximal tibial shaft "Say Grace (before) Tea"

Front 118

What important vascular structure may superficially cross or lie medial to the Pectineus?

Back 118

femoral artery

Front 119

Popliteus ORIGIN=

Back 119

femur: lateral condyle

Front 120

Popliteus INSERTION=

Back 120

tibia: posterior proximal shaft

Front 121

Popliteus actions:

Back 121

knee: flexion
knee: medial rotation (when knee is flexed)

Front 122

What nerve innervates the Popliteus?

Back 122

tibial nerve

Front 123

Is the Popliteus a strong knee flexor?

Back 123

No

Front 124

Which muscle is known as "the key that unlocks the knee" and why?

Back 124

Popliteus unlocks the extended knee to bring flexion and so it is vital to the other stronger knee flexors.

Front 125

Which 8 muscles can flex the hip? Hint:
Quads (1)
Adductors (3)
Other (4)

Back 125

Psoas Major
Rectus Femoris
Pectineus
Iliacus
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Sartorius
Tensor Fascia Lata

Front 126

Which 5 muscles can extend the hip?

Back 126

Gluteus Maximus
Adductor Magnus
Biceps Femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

Front 127

What are three main muscles that can rotate the hip medially?

Back 127

Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Minimis
Tensor Fascia Lata
and:
Adductor Longus, Brevis, Magnus, Pectineus, Gracilis

Front 128

What are 11 muscles that laterally rotate the hip from these groups:
-deep lateral hip rotators
-hamstrings
-glutes
-extra hip flexors (3)

Back 128

Piriformis
Gamellus Superior
Obturator Internus
Gamellus Inferior
Obturator Externus
Quadratus Femoris
Sartorius
Biceps Femoris
Gluteus Maximus
Psoas Major
Iliacus

Front 129

What muscles aBduct the hip?

Back 129

Gluteus Medius and Minimis
Piriformis (when hip is flexed)

Front 130

What six muscles can adduct the hip?

Back 130

Gluteus Maximus
Adductor Magnus - Longus - Brevis
Pectineus
Gracilis

Front 131

What muscles can extend the knee?

Back 131

The four Quadriceps:
Rectus Femoris
Vasti (Medialis - Intermedialis - Lateralis)

Front 132

What muscles can flex the knee of these groups:
posterior thigh (3)
anterior thigh (2)
leg (3)

Back 132

Biceps Femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Sartorius
Gracilis
Popliteus
Gastrocnemius
Plantaris

Front 133

What can this mnemonic remind me of:
"Grace Adds 3 Pieces"?

Back 133

Gracilis
Adductor Magnus
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Pectineus
These are all hip adductors.