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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Condyle
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Rounded articular area
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Crest
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Ridge of bone
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Epicondyle
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Eminence superior to a condyle
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Facet
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smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, were a bone articulates with another bone
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Foramen
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Passage through a bone
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Fossa
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hollow or depressed area of a bone
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Line
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Linear elevation
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Malleolus
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Rounded prominence
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Notch
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indentation at the edge of a bone
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Protuberance
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projection of bone
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What is the Spine of a bone?
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thorn-like process on bone
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What is a Process?
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projecting narrow part of bone
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What is a trochanter?
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large blunt elevation on a bone
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What is a tubercle?
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small raised eminence on bone
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What is a Tuberosity?
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large rounded elevation on bone
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Processes that form joint?
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Condyle, Facet, and Head
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Processes to which ligaments, muscles or tendons attach?
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crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine, suture, trochanter, tubercle, and tuberosity
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Different Types of Bone Cavities (or depressions)?
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Facet, foramen, fossa, fovea, meatus, sinus, and sulcus (groove)
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What is the bone numbering of the vertebrae?
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7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal (total of 33 bones)
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4 Regions of the Spine?
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Cervial, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral
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What are the four spinal curvatures?
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2 primary - Thoracic and sacral, 2 secondary - cervical and lumbar
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What is scoliosis?
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Abnormal lateral curve with rotation, affects 10-15 yr old girls, caused by weakness of intrinsic back muscles, underdevelopment of vertebrae, or leg-length discrpancy
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What is Kyphosis?
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Abnormal increase in thoracic curvature, dowager hump
a.k.a. hunch back |
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What is Lordosis?
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Abnormal increase in the lumbar curvature
Caused by anterior rotation of pelvis due to weakened abdominal muscles. a.k.a. sway back |
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Describe the cervical vertebrae
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The smallest of the moveable vertebrae, they form the bony skeleton of the neck. The distinctive features of include the oval foramen transversarium or foramen of the transverse processes. The spinous processes of C3-C6 are short and bifid, or divided into two parts. The spinous process of C7 is very long. C1, a ring shaped bone, is called the atlas because it supports the skull, it has no transverse processes. C2 is called the axis.
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Describe a thoracic vertbrae
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Their costal facets form articulations with the ribs. There are one or more facets on each side of the body for articulation with the head of a rib, and one on each transverse process of the superior 10 vertebrae. Their spinous processes are long and slender.
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Describe a lumbar vertebrae
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They have massive bodies, sturdy laminae, and by the absence of costal facets. They account for much of the thickness of the lower trunk in the median plane. The largest moveable vertebrae is L5, it is characterized by its stout transverse process.
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Describe the Sacrum
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Large, triangular wedge-shaped bone is composed of five fused sacral vertebrae. Fusion typically starts after the 20th year. The sacrum provides strength and stability to the pelvis and transmits the weight of the body to the pelvic girdle throught the sacroiliac joints
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Descibe the Coccyx
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A continuation of the sacrum, the coccyx is a group of 4 fused vertebrae that form a single structure. It serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments
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Trapezius Muscle
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A large flat, triangular muscle that covers the posterior aspect of the neck and superior half of the trunk.
4 parts Part 1: Origin: Occipital bone Insertion: Outer 1/3 of clavicle Part 2: Origin: Ligamentum nuchae Insertion: Acromion Process Part 3:Origin: Spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3 Insertion: Spine of the scapula Part 4: Origin: Spinous processes of T4-T12 Insertion: Root of the scapular spine Action:Elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula; superior fibers elevate, middle fibers retract, and the inferior fibers depress the scapula; one of the more important functions of this muscle is when the superior and inferior fibers act together in superior rotation of the glenoid fossa as is necessary in full abduction of the upper extremity. This movement is performed by the upper fibers pulling superiorly on the acromion and lateral aspects of the scapular spine and the lower fibers pulling inferiorly on the medial aspect of the scapular spine. Innervation: It receives its motor supply from the spinal accessory nerve, and its sensory innervation is from the 3rd and 4th cervical nerves. |
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Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
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This muscle covers the inferior half of the back (T6-iliac crest). Large, wide, fan shaped muscle that passes between trunk and the humerus and acts of the shoulder joint and indirectly on the pectoral girdle.
Origin: Spinous processes of T7-T12 and all lumbar vertebrae, posterior surface of sacrum, iliac crest, and lower three ribs Insertion: Anterior aspect of humerus, parallel to the tendon of the pectoralis major Action: Adduction, extension, hyperextension, horizontal abduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve |
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Levator Scapulae Muscle
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The superior 1/3 of this strap like muscle lies deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle; the inferior 1/3 deep to the trapezius muscle.
Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4 Insertion: Medial vertebral border of the scapula, between the superior angle and the root the scapular spine Action: Elevation, adduction, and downward rotation of the scapula (it also assists the rhomoids in actions) Innervation: 3rd and 4th cervical nerves, and a branch of the dorsal scapular nerve |
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Rhomboid Major & Minor Muscles
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Two muscles that lie deep to the trapezius and are not always distinct from each other. The rhomboid major is about two times wider than minor. They appear as parallel bands that pass inferolaterally from the vertebrae to the scapula. They havfe a rhomoid appearance in shape. They help the serratus anterior to hold the scapula against the thoracic wall and to fix the scapula during movements of the upper limb.
Origin: Spinous processes of C1-T5 Insertion: Medial vertebral border of scapula from the vicinity of the scapular spine to the inferior angle Action: Elevation, adduction, and downward rotation of the scapula Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve |
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Serratus Superior
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This muscle is located on the back but is more closely assoicated with repiration due to its action of the rib cage.
Origin: Ligamentum nechae and spinous processes of C7-T3 Insertion: 2nd-5th ribs Action:Elevates the ribs Innervation: Ventral rami of corresponding thoracic spinal nerves |
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Serratus Inferior
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Origin:Spinous processes of T11-L2
Insertion: Inferior borders of 9th-12th ribs Action: Moves ribes outward and down Innervation: Ventral rami of corresponding thoracic spinal nerves |