Muscles

Front 1

Frontal belly (Frontalis) of the Epicranius

Back 1

Origin: Galea aponeurotica (cranial aponeurosis)

Insertion: Skin of eyebrows and root of nose

Hint 1

With aponeurosis fixed, frontal belly raises eyebrows

Front 2

Occiptal belly (Occipitalis) of the Epicranius

Back 2

Origin: Occipital and temporal bones

Insertion: Galea aponeurotica

Hint 2

Fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

Front 3

Orbicularis Oculi

Back 3

Origin: Frontal and maxillary bones and ligaments around orbit

Insertion: Encircles orbit and inserts in tissue of eyelid

Hint 3

Various parts can be activated individually; closes eyes, produces blinking, squinting, draws eyebrows inferiorly

Front 4

Zygomaticus major and minor

Back 4

Origin: Zygomatic bone

Insertion: Skin and muscle at corner of mouth

Hint 4

Raises lateral corners of mouth upward (smiling muscle)

Front 5

Orbicularis Oris

Back 5

Origin: Arises indirectly from maxilla and mandible; fibers blended with fibers of other muscles associated with lips

Insertion: Encircles mouth; inserts into a muscle and skin at angles of mouth

Hint 5

Closes mouth; purses and protrudes lips (kissing and whistling muscle)

Front 6

Buccinator

Back 6

Origin: Molar region of maxilla and mandible

Insertion: Orbicularis oris

Hint 6

Draws corner of mouth laterally; compresses cheek (as in whistling); holds food between teeth during chewing

Front 7

Masseter

Back 7

Origin: Zygomatic arch and maxilla

Insertion: Angle and ramus of mandible

Hint 7

Closes jaw and elevates mandible

Front 8

Temporalis

Back 8

Origin: Temporal fossa

Insertion: Coronoid process of mandible

Hint 8

Closes jaw; elevates and retracts mandible

Front 9

Platysma

Back 9

Origin: Fascia of chest (over pectoral muscles) and deltoid

Insertion: Lower margin of mandible, skin, and muscle at corner of mouth

Hint 9

Depresses mandible; pulls lower lip back and down (ie. Produces downward sag of the mouth

Front 10

Sternocleidomastoid

Back 10

Origin: Manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle

Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone and superiar nuchal line of occipital bone

Hint 10

Simultaneous contraction of both muscles of pair causes flexion of neck forward, generally against resistance (as when lying on the back); acting independently, rotate head toward shoulder on opposite side

Front 11

Different Pectoralis Major Portions

Back 11

Origin: Clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 1-6 and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Insertion: Fibers converge to insert by short tendon into intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Hint 11

Prime mover of arm flexion; adducts, medially rotates arm; with arm fixed, pulls chest upward (thus also acts in forced inspiration)

Front 12

Serratus Anterior

Back 12

Origin: Lateral aspect of ribs 1-8 (or 9)

Insertion: Vertebral border of anterior surface of scapula

Hint 12

Moves scapula forward toward chest wall; rotates scapula, causing inferior angle to move laterally and upward; abduction and raising of arm

Front 13

Deltoid

Back 13

Origin: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula

Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Hint 13

Acting as a whole, prime mover of arm abduction; when only specific fibers are active, can aid in flexion, extension, and rotation of humerus

Front 14

Pectoralis Minor

Back 14

Origin: Anterior surface of ribs 3-5, near their costal cartilage

Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula

Hint 14

With ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and inferiorly; with scapula fixed, draws rib cage superiorly

Front 15

External Intercostals

Back 15

Origin: Inferior border of rib above

Insertion: Superior border of rib below

Hint 15

Pulls ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage; aids in inspiration

Front 16

Internal Intercostals

Back 16

Origin: Superior border of rib below

Insertion: Inferior border of rib above

Hint 16

Dwars ribs together to depress ib cage; aids in forced expiration; antagonistic to external intercostals

Front 17

Diaphragm

Back 17

Origin: Inferior border of rib and sternum, costal cartilages of last six ribs and lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: Central tendon

Hint 17

Prime mover of inspiration flattens on contraction, increasing vertical dimensions of thorax; increases intra-abdominal pressure

Front 18

Rectus Abdominis

Back 18

Origin: Pubic crest and symphisis

Insertion: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

Hint 18

Flexes and rotates vertebral column; increases abdominal pressure; fixes and depresses ribs; stabilizes pelvis during walking; used in sit-ups and curls

Front 19

External Obliques

Back 19

Origin: Anterior surface of last eight ribs

Insertion: Linea alba, pubic crest and tubercles, and iliac crest

Hint 19

Functions of rectus abdominis and also aids muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls

Front 20

Internal Obliques

Back 20

Origin: Lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament

Insertion: Linea alba, pubic crest, and costal cartilages of last three ribs

Hint 20

Functions of rectus abdominis and also aids muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion; used in oblique curls

Front 21

Transverse Abdominis

Back 21

Origin: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, cartilages of last five or six ribs, and lumbar fascia

Insertion: Linea alba and pubic crest

Hint 21

Compresses abdominal contents

Front 22

Trapezius

Back 22

Origin: Occcipital bone; ligamentum nuchae; spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: Acromion and spinous process of scapula; lateral third of clavicle

Hint 22

Extends head; raises, rotates, and retracts (adducts) scapula and stabilizes it; superior fibers elevate scapula (as in shrugging the shoulders); inferior fibers depress it

Front 23

Latissimus Dorsi

Back 23

Origin: Indirect attachment to spinous processes of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, last three to four ribs, and iliac crest

Insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Hint 23

Prime mover of arm extension; adducts and medially rotates arm; depresses scapula; brings arm down in power stroke, as in striking a blow

Front 24

Infraspinatus

Back 24

Origin: Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

Hint 24

Lateral rotation of humerus; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity; stabilizes shoulder

Front 25

Teres Minor

Back 25

Origin: Lateral margin of scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

Hint 25

Lateral rotation of humerus; helps hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity; stabilizes shoulder

Front 26

Supraspinatus

Back 26

Origin:Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus

Hint 26

Assists abduction of humerus; stabilizes shoulder joint

Front 27

Teres Major

Back 27

Origin: Posterior surface at inferior angle of scapula

Insertion: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Hint 27

Extends, medially rotates, and adducts humerus; synergist of latissimus dorsi

Front 28

Rhomboids Major

Back 28

Origin: Spinous processes T1-T5*

Insertion: Medial border of scapula

Hint 28

Pulls scapula medially (retraction); stabilizes scapula; rotates glenoid cavity downward

Front 29

Rhomboids Minor

Back 29

Origin: Spinous processes C7

Insertion: Medial border of scapula

Hint 29

Pulls scapula medially (retraction); stabilizes scapula; rotates glenoid cavity downward

Front 30

Triceps Brachii

Back 30

Origin:Long head—inferior margin of glenoid cavity; lateral head—posterior humerus; medial head—distal radial groove on posterior humerus

Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna

Hint 30

Powerful forearm extensor; antagonist of forearm flexors (brachialis and biceps brachii)

Front 31

Brachioradialis

Back 31

Origin: Lateral ridge at distal end of humerus

Insertion: Base of styloid process of radius

Hint 31

Synergist in forearm flexion

Front 32

Brachialis

Back 32

Origin: Distal portion of anterior humerus

Insertion: Coronoid process of ulna

Hint 32

A major flexor of forearm

Front 33

Pronator Teres

Back 33

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

Insertion: Midshaft of radius

Hint 33

Acts synergistically with pronator quadrates to pronate forearm; weak elbow flexor

Front 34

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Back 34

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Base of metacarpals 2 and 3

Hint 34

Powerful flexor of wrist; abducts hand

Front 35

Palmaris Longus

Back 35

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis; skin and fascia of palm

Hint 35

Flexes wrist (weak); tenses skin and fascia of palm

Front 36

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Back 36

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and olecranon process and posterior surface of ulna

Insertion: Base of metacarpal 5; pisiform and hamate bones

Hint 36

Powerful flexor of wrist; adducts hand

Front 37

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Back 37

Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Insertion: Base of metacarpal 2

Hint 37

Extends and abducts wrist

Front 38

Supinator

Back 38

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus; proximal ulna

Insertion: Proximal end of radius

Hint 38

Acts with biceps brachii to supinate forearm; antagonist of pronator muscles

Front 39

Extensor Digitorum

Back 39

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: By four tendons into distal phalanges of fingers 2-5

Hint 39

Prime mover of finger extension; extends wrist; can flare (abduct) fingers

Front 40

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Back 40

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus; posterior border of ulna

Insertion: Base of metacarpal 5

Hint 40

Extends and adducts wrist

Front 41

Iliopsoas (Iliacus)

Back 41

Origin:Iliacus—iliac fossa and crest, lateral sacrum; psoas major—transverse processes, bodies and discs of T12 and lumber vertebrae

Insertion: On and just below lesser trochanter of femus

Hint 41

Flex trunk on thigh; flex thigh; lateral flexion of vertebral column (psoas)

Front 42

Sartorius

Back 42

Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: By an aponeurosis into medial aspect of proximal tibia

Hint 42

Flexes, abducts, and
Laterally rotates thigh;
Flexes knee; known as
“tailor’s muscle” because it
Helps cross-legged
Position in which tailors
Are often depicted

Front 43

Adductor Magnus

Back 43

Origin: ischial and pubic rami and ischial tuberosity

Insertion: linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femus

Hint 43

Adduct and medially rotate and flex thigh; posterior part of magnus is also a synergist in thigh extension

Front 44

Adductor Longus

Back 44

Origin: pubis near pubic symphysis; brevis—body and inferior ramus of pubis

Insertion: linea aspera

Hint 44

Adduct and medially rotate and flex thigh

Front 45

Gracilis

Back 45

Origin: Inferior ramus and body of pubis

Insertion: Medial surface of tibia just inferior to medial condyle

Hint 45

Adducts thigh; flexes and medially rotates leg, especially during walking

Front 46

Rectus Femoris

Back 46

Origin: Anterior inferior iliac spine and superior margin of acetabulum

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity and patella

Hint 46

Extends knee and flexes thigh at hip

Front 47

Vastus Lateralis

Back 47

Origin: Greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, and linea aspera

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity and patella

Hint 47

Extends and stabilizes knee

Front 48

Vastus Medialis

Back 48

Origin: Linea aspera and intertrochanteric line

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity and patella

Hint 48

Extends knee; stabilizes patella

Front 49

Vastus Intermedius

Back 49

Origin: Anterior and lateral surface of femus

Insertion: Tibial tuberosity and patella

Hint 49

Extends knee

Front 50

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Back 50

Origin: Anterior aspect of iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: Iliotibial tract (lateral portion of fascia lata)

Hint 50

Flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh; steadies trunk

Front 51

Biceps Femoris

Back 51

Origin: Ischial tuberosity (long head); linea aspera and distal femur (short head)

Insertion: Tendon passes laterally to insert into head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia

Hint 51

Extends thigh; laterally rotates leg; flexes knee

Front 52

Semitendinosus

Back 52

Origin:Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Medial aspect of upper tibial shaft

Hint 52

Extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg

Front 53

Semimembranosus

Back 53

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Medial condyle of tibia; lateral condyle of femur

Hint 53

Extends thigh; flexes knee; medially rotates leg

Front 54

Gluteus Maximus

Back 54

Origin: Dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx

Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract

Hint 54

Complex, powerful thigh extensor (most effective when thigh is flexed, as in climbing stairs—but not as in walking); antagonist of iliopsoas; laterally rotates and abducts thigh

Front 55

Gluteus Medius

Back 55

Origin: Upper lateral surface of ilium

Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur

Hint 55

Abducts and medially rotates thigh; steadies pelvis during walking

Front 56

Tibialis Anterior

Back 56

Origin: Lateral condyle and upper 2/3 of tibia; interosseous membrane

Insertion: By tendon into inferior surface of first cuneiform and metatarsal 1

Hint 56

Prime mover of dorsiflexion; inverts foot; supports longitudinal arch of foot

Front 57

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Back 57

Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia; proximal ¾ of fibula; interosseous membrane

Insertion: Tendon divides into four parts; inserts into middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5

Hint 57

Prime mover of toe extension; dorsiflexes foot

Front 58

Gastrocnemius

Back 58

Origin: By two heads from medial and lateral condyles of femur

Insertion: Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Hint 58

Plantar flexes foot when kenee is extended; crosses knee joint; thus can flex knee (when foot is dorsiflexed)

Front 59

Soleus

Back 59

Origin: Proximal portion of tibia and fibula; interosseous membrane

Insertion: Calcaneus via calcaneal tendon

Hint 59

Plantar flexion; is an important muscle for locomotion

Front 60

Popliteus

Back 60

Origin: Lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus

Insertion: Proximal tibia

Hint 60

Flexes and rotates leg medially to “unlock” extended knee when knee flexion begins

Front 61

Tibialis Posterior

Back 61

Origin: Superior portion of tibia and fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion: Tendon passes obliquely behind medial malleolus and under arch of foot; inserts into several tarsals and metatarsals 2-4

Hint 61

Prime mover of foot inversion; plantar flexes foot; stabilizes longitudinal arch of foot

Front 62

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Back 62

Origin: Posterior surface of tibia

Insertion: Distal phalanges of toes 2-5

Hint 62

Flexes toes; plantar flexes and inverts foot

Front 63

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Back 63

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Insertion: Base of metacarpal 3

Hint 63

Extends and abducts wrist; steadies wrist during finger flexion

Front 64

Supinator

Back 64

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus; proximal ulna

Insertion: Proximal end of radius

Hint 64

Acts with biceps brachii to supinate forearm; antagonist of pronator muscles