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49 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Muscle

1) Can be attatched to bone (allows for movement)


2) Shape or form


3) Contract (as seen in the heart)

Attached to the bone

Skeletal (Contraction is voluntary)

In the heart

Cardiac (Contraction is involuntary)

In the walls of tubes

(Gut, arteries, veins) Smooth muscle (Contraction is involuntary)

Biceps brachii

Has an opposing pair member (both contracting = no movement)


Triceps brachii

-----===== (180 degrees)

Decrease in angle

Flexim


Isometric

No movement

B.B. contracts - T.B. relaxed

Decrease in angle

B.B. relaxed - T.B. contracts

Increase in angle (extension)

Neuromuscular junction

Gap

When the message gets to the end of the nerve . . .

It causes the nerve to release a chemical called the neurotransmitter.

Ends between . . .

L1 and L2

Brains sends a . . .

Signal to B.B. to contract

In the example, stimuli is . . .

A small electrical shock

Are Na and K evenly distributed?

No

A cell membrane that can send a stimulus

Lemma

What is a nerve cell's lemma called?

Neurolemma

What is a muscle cell's lemma called?

Sarcolemma (Sarco means "flesh")

A resting lemma is . . .

Permeable to K+ and non-permeable to Na+

Permeabiliaty infers that . . .

A membrane will allow a substance to cross in non-directional

Net movement is . . .

From higher to lower concentration

More K outside than inside

Slight + charge outside lemma

A lemma with a slight + charge inside and a slight - charge outside is . . .

Polarized (doing nothing/relaxed)

When a lemma is polarized, it is . . .

Prepared to send a stimulus

To send a stimulus . . .

The brain causes the lemma to become permeable to Na+

When Na+ is moved into the cell . . .

The charge is lost and the membrane is depolarized

A depolarized membrane is . . .

Sending a stimulus

Na+ in equals


K+ out equals

Depolarized (sending a signal)


Polarized (doing nothing)

The neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine

When enough Ach gets into the muscle . . .

The muscle depolarizes and sends the stimulus to contract

Sarcoplasm

Goes to a special structure called the sarcoplasmic reticullum (stores Ca+2)

The stimulus causes the sarcoplasmic reticullum to . . .

Become permeable to Ca+2

Ca+2 moves out of the . . .

Sarcoplasmic reticullum

Ca+2 moves out of the sacroplasmic reticullum

Activates ATPase -----> Breaks down ATP -----> energy -----> contraction

Inside the fibers are . . .

Four different proteins

What are the four proteins?

Actin, Myosin, Tropomin, Tropmyosin

When put together what do the four proteins do?

Form a sacromere and slide together to shorten the cell

To relax, what must happen?

1) Remove Ca+2 from the ATPase and put it back into the sarcoplasmic reticullum


2) Acetylcholine must be broken down to stop sending the signal

Chemical that breaks down acetylcholine

An enzyme called achase

To do work, a muscle must . . .

Stay in a constant state of contraction (called tetany)

Skeletal muscle has one nerve to the muscle

Tells it to contract

Cardiac muscle has two nerves

Sympathetic nerve and parasympathetic nerve

Nerves run to . . .

A special group of cells in the right atrium

The cells running to the right atrium are called . . .

The sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

The neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nerve at the pacemaker is . . .

Norepinephrine (adrenaline)

Norepinephrine causes . . .

The release of Ca+2 (heart speeds up)

The neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic is . . .

Acetocholine (heart slows)

The two parts of the nervous system work together

Heart rate (Average 72 bpm)