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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Triceps brachii and rectus femoris are good examples of?
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Extensors
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Semitendinosus is assisted in flexion of the thigh by what synergistic muscle?
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Biceps femoris
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Which muscles rotate the femur laterally?
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Quadratus femoris and obturator internus
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What muscles are in the hamstring group?
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Semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris
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What are the superficial muscles of the sural region?
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Plantaris, soleus, gastrocnemius, and triceps surae
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What muscle acts as a flexor of the knee and originates on the iliac spine?
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Sartorius
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What happens when contraction occurs according to the sliding filament theory?
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H and I bands get smaller, the zone of overlap gets larger, the Z lines move closer together, and the width of the A band remains constant
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What is the most superficial layer of the abdominal muscles?
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External oblique
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What muscle group is most lateral to the vertebral column?
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Iliocostalis
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What muscles group is most medial to the vertebral column?
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Spinalis
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What are the actions of the bicep brachii?
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Flexion of the shoulder and elbow and supination of the forearm
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What are the powerful flexors of the thigh?
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Ilipsoas
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What is the connective tissue surrounding a fascicle?
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Perimysium
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What are the primary flexors of the wrist?
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Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus
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All the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron constitute what?
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Motor unit
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Which muscle groups originate on the lower limb?
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Muscles that move the foot, leg, and toes
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What is the function of the tensor fascia lata?
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Steady the trunk on the thigh by making the iliotibial tract taut
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Which muscles compress the abdomen?
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Internal and external oblique
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What is the action of the rhomboideus major?
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Adduct and rotate the scapula downward
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What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store?
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Calcium ions
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What muscle can both flex and adduct the arm?
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Pectoralis major
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What muscle of the foot is found in the third layer?
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Adductor hallucis
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Which muscles act to plantar flex the foot?
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Gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris
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What hypothenar muscle originates on the pisiform bone?
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Abductor digiti minimi
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Which muscles inserts on the coronoid process of the ulna and the elbow joint capsule?
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Brachialis
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Which muscles acts to elevate the hyoid bone and steady it during swallowing and speech?
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Digastric
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What are the functions of the teres minor?
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Helps hold the humerus in the glenoid cavity, rotates the humerus laterally, adducts at the shoulder, and stabilizes the shoulder joint
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What is the action of the medial pterygoid muscle?
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Functions in mastication to protract the mandible and promote grinding movements
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What are characteristics of white fibers?
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Dependent on anaerobic pathways, contract rapidly, fatigue quickly, and contain little myoglobin
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What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?
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Voluntary, striated and multinucleate
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What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?
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Involuntary, striated, uninucleate, intercalated discs
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What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?
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Involuntary, nonstriated, uninucleate
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What are the four specialized properties of muscle tissue?
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Excitability, contractility, elasticity, and extensibility
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What are the functions of skeletal muscle tissue?
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Produce movement, maintain posture and position, support soft tissues, regulate the entrance/exit of materials, generate heat, and stabilize joints
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What surrounds a skeletal muscle?
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Epimysium
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What is a muscle fascicle?
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A bundle of muscle fibers
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What is a muscle fiber comprised of?
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Myofibrils
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What surrounds a muscle fiber?
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Endomysium
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Thin filaments are composed of?
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Actin
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Thick filaments are composed of?
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Myosin
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What protein molecules cover active sites, preventing actin-myosin interaction?
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Tropomyosin
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What holds tropomyosin in place?
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Troponin
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What triggers muscle contraction?
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Calcium ions
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What neurotransmitter signals a muscle cell to contract?
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Acetylcholine
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What are the characteristics of red fibers?
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Dependent on aerobic pathways, contract slowly, fatigue slowly, and contain abundant myoglobin
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What is an agonist?
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Muscle whose contraction bears the main responsibility for a particular movement
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What is an antagonist?
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Muscle whose action opposes that of a corresponding agonist
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What is a synergist?
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Muscle that aids the agonists and stabilizes the joint
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Action of frontalis?
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Raises the eyebrows
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Action of occipitalis?
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Fixes aponeurosis and pulls the scalp posteriorly
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Action of galea aponeurotica?
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Pull the scalp forward and backward
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Action of orbicularis oculi?
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Closes the eye
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Action of zygomaticus?
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Raises lateral corners of mouth upward (smiling muscle)
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Action of orbicularis oris?
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Closes, purses and protrudes the lips
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Action of levator labii superioris?
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Opens lips
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Action of depressor labii inferioris?
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Draws lower lip inferiorly (as in a pout)
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Action of risorius?
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Draws corner of lip laterally
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Action of mentalis?
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Protrudes the lower lip and wrinkles the chin
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Action of buccinator?
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Draws corner of the mouth laterally and compresses the cheek
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Action of platysma?
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Helps depress the mandible, pulls the lower lip down and backward, and tenses the skin of the neck
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Action of masseter?
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Prime mover of the jaw closure...elevating the mandible
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Action of temporalis?
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Closes jaw...elevates and retracts the mandible
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Action of medial pterygoid?
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Protract mandible and promote grinding movements
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Action of lateral pterygoid?
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Provides forward sliding and grinding movements of the lower teeth...protracts mandible
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What are the muscles of mastication?
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Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateal pterygoid, and buccinator
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Action of digastric?
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Open mouth and depress mandible
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Action of stylohoid?
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Elevates and retracts hyoid
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Action of mylohyoid?
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Elevates hyoid bone and floor of the mouth
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Action of geniohyoid?
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Pulls hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly
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Action of sternohyoid?
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Depresses larynx and hyoid bone
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Action of sternothyroid?
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Pulls larynx and hyoid bone inferiorly
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Action of omohyoid?
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Depresses and retracts the hyoid bone
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Action of sternocleidomastoid?
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Flexes and laterally rotates head
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Action of scalenes?
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Elevates first two ribs
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Action of splenius?
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Extend and hyperextend head
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Action of iliocostalis?
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Extend and laterally flex the vertebral column
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Action of longissimus?
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Extend and laterally flex vertebral column and extends head and turns face toward the same side
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Action of spinalis?
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Extends vertebral column
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Action of quadratus lumborum?
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Flexes vertebral column laterally
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Action of external intercostals?
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Pulls ribs toward one another to elevate the rib cage
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Action of internal intercostals?
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Draws ribs together and depressed rib cage
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Action of diaphragm?
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Prime mover of inspiration
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Action of rectus abdominis?
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Flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column
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Action of external/internal oblique?
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Flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall. Aids muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion
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Action of transversus abdominis?
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Compresses abdominal contents
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Action of pectoralis minor?
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Draws scapula forward and downward
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Action of serratus anterior?
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Rotates scapula so its inferior angle moves laterally and upward; prime mover to protract and hold the scapula against the chest wall
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Action of subclavius?
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Helps stabilize and depress the pectoral girdle
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Action of trapezius?
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Stabilizes, raises, retracts, depresses and rotates the scapula and/or clavicle
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Action of levator scapulae?
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Elevates and adducts the scapula
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Action of rhomboid major/minor?
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Stabilize scapula; adduct and perform downward rotation of scapula
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Action of latissimus dorsi?
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Prime mover of arm extension; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder
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Action of deltoid?
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Prime mover of arm abduction; flexion and medial rotation of humerus; extension and lateral rotation of humerus
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Action of teres major?
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Extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus
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Action of subscapularis?
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Chief medial rotator of humerus; stabilizes the shoulder joint by holding the humerus within the glenoid cavity
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Action of supraspinatus?
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Initiates abduction at shoulder
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Action of infraspinatus?
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Rotates humerus laterally
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Action of teres minor?
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Rotates humerus laterally
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Action of coracobrachialis?
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Flexion and adduction of the humerus
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Action of pectoralis major?
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Prime mover of arm flexion; rotates arm medially; adducts arm
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Action of triceps brachii?
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Powerful forearm extensor
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Action of anconeus?
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Abducts ulna during forearm pronation
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Action of biceps brachii?
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Flexion at elbow and shoulder and supinates the forarm
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Action of brachialis?
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Major forearm flexor
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Action of brachioradialis?
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Synergist in forearm flexion
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Action of pronator teres?
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Pronates forearm
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Action of flexor carpi radialis?
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Powerful flexor of the wrist ; abducts hand
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Action of palmaris longus?
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Tenses skin and fascia of palm during hand movements
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Action of flexor carpi ulnaris?
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Powerful flexor of wrist; adducts hand
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Action of flexor digitorium superficialis?
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Flexion at middle phalanges of fingers 2-5 and wrist joints
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Action of flexor pollicis longus?
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Flexes distal phalanx of thumb
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Action of flexor digitorium profundus?
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Flexes distal interphalangeal joints
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Action of extensor carpi radialis longus?
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Extends wrist ; abducts wrist
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Action of extensor carpi radialis brevis?
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Extends and abducts wrist
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Action of extensor digitorium?
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Prime mover of finger extension; abducts fingers
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Action of extensor carpi ulnaris?
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Extends wrist; adducts wrist
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Action of supinator?
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Assists biceps brachii to forcibly supinate the forearm
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Action of abductor pollicis brevis/longus?
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Abducts and extends thumb; abduction at wrist joint
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Action of flexor pollicis brevis?
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Flexes and adducts thumb
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Action of opponens pollicis?
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Opposition of thumb
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Action of adductor pollicis?
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Adducts and helps to oppose the thumb
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Action of abductor digiti minimi?
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Abducts little finger
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Action of flexor digiti minimi brevis?
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Flexes little finger
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Action of opponens digiti minimi?
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Helps in opposition
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Action of lumbricals?
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Flexion at metacarpophalangeal joint; extension at proximal and distal interphalangeal joints
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Action of palmar interossei?
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Adduction of fingers at metacarpophalangeal joints of digits 2, 4, and 5
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Action of dorsal interossei?
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Abduct fingers at metacarpophalangeal joins of digits 2-4
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What muscles make up the rotator cuff?
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Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and teres minor
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What are the lateral hip rotators?
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Piriformis, gamellus superior, obturator internus, gamellus inferior, and quadratus femoris
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What are the hamstrings?
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Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
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What is a skeletal muscle triad?
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Terminal cisternae, tranverse tubule, and sarcoplasmic reticulum
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